Chapter 5

Question 1

Episodic memory

Answer 1

Focuses on your memories for events that happened to you personally
Allows you to travel backwards in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes in your life
Has both context and content!

Question 2

Semantic memory

Answer 2

Describes organized knowledge about the world, including your knowledge about words and other factual information

Question 3

Procedural memory

Answer 3

Refers to your knowledge about how to do something

Question 4

Encoding

Answer 4

Processing information and representing it in your memory

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

Locating information in storage and accessing it

Question 6

Autobiographical memory

Answer 6

Your memory for experiences and information that is related to yourself

Question 7

Levels-of-processing approach

Answer 7

Argues that deep, meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate recall than shallow, sensory kinds of processing

Question 8

Distinctiveness

Answer 8

A stimuli that is different from other memory traces

Question 9

Elaboration

Answer 9

Requires rich processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts

Question 10

Self-reference effect

Answer 10

You will remember more information if you try to relate that information to yourself

Question 11

Meta-analysis

Answer 11

A statistical method for synthesizing numerous studies on a single topic

Question 12

3 factors that contribute to the self reference effect

Answer 12

1. The “self” provides an especially rich set of cues
2. Encourages people to consider how their personal traits are connected
3. You rehearse material more frequently if it is associated with yourself

Question 13

Encoding-specificity principle

Answer 13

Recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding

Question 14

Recall vs recognition task

Answer 14

Recall: participants must reproduce the items they had learned earlier
Recognition: participants must judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time

Question 15

Mood congruence

Answer 15

We recall material more accurately if our mood matches the emotional nature of the material

Question 16

Pollyanna Principle

Answer 16

Pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less pleasant items

Question 17

Anger and violence typically ___ memory accuracy

Answer 17

Reduce

Question 18

Positivity effect

Answer 18

People tend to rate unpleasant past events more positively with the passage of time

Question 19

Implicit memory task

Answer 19

You see the material and later you are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask you for either recall or recongition

Question 20

Repetition priming task

Answer 20

Recent exposure to a word increases the likelihood that you’ll think of this word when you are given a cue that could evoke many different words

Question 21

Dissociation

Answer 21

When a variable has large effects on Test A, but little or no effects on Test B
Or one kind of effect on test A but the opposite on test B

Question 22

Retrograde vs Anterograde amnesia

Answer 22

R: loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage - head injury
A: loss of ability to form memories for events that have occurred after brain damage

Question 23

Expertise

Answer 23

People who demonstrate impressive memory abilities, as well as consistently exceptional performance on representative tasks in a particular area

Question 24

Own-ethnicity bias

Answer 24

Generally more accurate in identifying members of your own ethnicity group than others

Question 25

Schema

Answer 25

General knowledge or expectations, which is distilled from your past experiences with someone or something

Question 26

Consistency bias

Answer 26

We tend to exaggerate the consistency between our past feelings and beliefs and our current viewpoint

Question 27

Source monitoring

Answer 27

The process of trying to identify the origin of a particular memory

Question 28

Reality monitoring

Answer 28

Trying to identify whether an event really occurred, or whether you actually imagined this event

Question 29

Flashbulb memory

Answer 29

Memory for the circumstances in which you learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event

Question 30

Post-event misinformation effect

Answer 30

People first view an event, then are given misleading information about it, and later on they mistakenly recall the misleading information, rather than the event they actually saw Can be traced to faulty source monitoring

Question 31

Retroactive interference

Answer 31

People have trouble recalling old material because some recently learned, new material keeps interfering with old memories

Question 32

Constructivist approach

Answer 32

Emphasizes that we construct knowledge by integrating what we know (our understanding of an event or topic is coherent and makes sense)

Question 33

2 perspectives about memories of sexual abuse

Answer 33

1. Recovered memory perspective (they managed to forget the memory for many years) 2. False memory perspective (most of these recovered memories are actually incorrect memories)

Question 34

Betrayal trauma

Answer 34

Describes how a child may respond adaptively when a trusted parent or caretaker betrays them by sexual abuse

Question 35

Intentional vs incidental learning

Answer 35

Intentional: trying to learn something (like at school) Incidental: no particular attempt at memorization (most of the learning you do in life)

Question 36

3 reasons why level of processing works

Answer 36

Distinctiveness (items processed deeply "stand out") Semantics (focusing on the meaning of words helps us synthesize the information) Elaboration (helps us remember)

Question 37

What part of the brain does 1. Deep processing 2. Self referencing use?

Answer 37

1. Left prefrontal cortex | 2. Right and left prefrontal cortex

Question 38

3 reasons why self referencing works

Answer 38

Cueing (self is discriminable and has lots of cues) Elaboration Organization (concepts of self are well organized)

Question 39

2 problems with the encoding specificity principle

Answer 39

1. Outshining (context effects are often weak and outshone by other important factors) 2. Which context? (psychological > physical)

Question 40

Mood dependent memory

Answer 40

When our mood influences the context When your mood matches the context, you will have a better memory for it Ex: study while happy, will do better if happy on the test

Question 41

Mood congruent memory

Answer 41

When you have improved memory for information that is framed in a way similar to your mood When sad, remember the bad

Question 42

6 ways to measure implicit memory

Answer 42

``` Lexical decision (deciding if something is a word or not) Stem completion Fragment completion Speeded word reading Priming Fragment completion ```

Question 43

Perceptual/repetition priming

Answer 43

Have seen/read/heard that exact word before | Will perform better on an implicit memory test if primed

Question 44

Conceptual priming

Answer 44

Priming from related ideas | Ex: how fast do you recognize doctor when you have been previously shown nurse

Question 45

What area of the brain is injured in anterograde amnesia

Answer 45

Medial temporal lobe | Includes structures like the hippocampus

Question 46

Cryptomnesia

Answer 46

When a forgotten memory returns without it being recognized as such, who believes it is something new and original Problem with source monitoring