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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Metacognition

A

Thinking about your thought processes

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2
Q

Cognitive approach

A

Theoretical orientation that emphasizes people’s thought processes and their knowledge

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3
Q

Aristotle

A

First cognitive psychologist
Examined perception, memory, and mental imagery
also how humans acquire knowledge through experience and observation

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4
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Introspection

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5
Q

Introspection

A

Carefully trained observers would systematically analyze their own sensations and report them as objectively as possible, under standardized conditions
Proposed by Wundt

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6
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

First person to scientifically study human memory

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7
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

Recency effect

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8
Q

Recency effect

A

The observation that our recall is especially accurate for the final items in a series of stimuli

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9
Q

William James

A

Theorized about our everyday psychological experiences

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10
Q

Behaviourism

A

Psychology must focus on objective, observable reactions to stimuli in the environment, rather than introspection
Argued that researchers could not objectively study mental representation

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11
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

Emphasizes that we humans have basic tendencies to actively organize what we see
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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12
Q

Gestalt

A

An overall quality that transcends the individual elements

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13
Q

Frederic Bartlett

A

Used meaningful material and discovered that people made systematic errors when trying to recall the stories
Memory is an active, constructive process

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14
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Humans have an inborn ability to master all the complicated and varied aspects of language

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15
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Children actively explore their world in order to understand important concepts
They change as they mature

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16
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

A

An information processing speed model
Proposed that memory involves a sequence of separate steps, and in each step info is transferred from one storage area to another

17
Q

3 types of memory proposed by the Atkinson-Shiffrin model

A

Sensory memory: records info from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy (2 secs or less)
Short term (or working) memory: only the small amount of info that you are actively using (30s)
Long term memory: minutes to decades old info – relatively permanent

18
Q

Ecological validity is high if…

A

The conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting where the results will be applied

19
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Combines the research techniques of cognitive psychology with various methods for assessing the structure and function of the brain

20
Q

PET scan (what is it, how does it work, what does it give)

A

Positron Emission Tomography
Blow flow increases in the activated part of the brain to bring oxygen
Measured by injecting participant with a low dose of radioactive chemical
Picture of the brain’s function, not structure

21
Q

fMRI

A

Based on principle that oxygen-rich blood is an index of brain activity
Magnetic field produces changes in the oxygen atoms and device takes pics of the oxygen atoms

22
Q

Event-related potential technique

A

Records the brief fluctuations in the brain’s electrical activity in response to stimulus
Electrodes on scalp record the electrical activity generated by a group of neurons located directly under the skull

23
Q

Computer simulation vs artificial intelligence

A

CS: takes human limitations into account
AI: designed to accomplish a cognitive task as efficiently as possible

24
Q

Mental chronometry

A

Measuring the speed at which information is processed

Basically looking at reaction times

25
Q

2 assumptions made when studying patients with brain lesions

A
  1. Modularity (that each part of the brain is responsible for a particular cognitive function)
  2. Generalizability (that it’s okay to generalize from a brain damaged individual to a person with normal cognition)
26
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

Sends a pulse of electromagnetic activity, which induces a current in the brain (massive, synchronized depolarization of cells)
Then there is a period of hyperpolarization, and that brain area is knocked out (like a temporary brain lesion)

27
Q

Advantages (1) vs Disadvantages (3) of PET Scans

A

A: relatively high spatial resolution
D: injected with radioactive material, poor temporal resolution, interpretation (doesn’t take into account excitatory vs inhibitory neurons)

28
Q

Advantages (3) vs Disadvantages (4) of MRIs

A

A: Has high spatial resolution, non-intrusive, can be used with humans or animals
D: expensive, poor temporal resolution, also can’t tell between excitation and inhibition, contraindicated in people with metal implants

29
Q

Advantages (4) vs Disadvantages (4) of ERPs

A

A: high temporal resolution (good because a lot of cognition happens really quickly), non-intrusive, can be used with infants (not so good with animals), relatively inexpensive
D: not structural, poor spatial resolution, can only detect activity that is projected to the scalp, depends on multi-trial filtering (need a lot of responses to be able to interpret the data)

30
Q

Magneto-encephalography (MEG) (including advantages (4) and disadvantages (1)

A

Measures the magnetic field generated by neural activity
Purely functional
A: both spatial and temporal resolution, provides a direct measure of brain function, non-invasive, does not apply magnetic field
D: magnetic fields are weak and difficult to detect

31
Q

Single-Cell recording

including advantages (3) and disadvantages (1

A

Recording the activity of a single neuron
Puts a transducer beside a neuron and measures the electrical activity by the neuron which is then translated into a sound
A: highest spatial resolution, exact localization, on-line measurement of behavior (immediate)
D: highly invasive

32
Q

Connectionist approach

A

Argues that cognitive processes can be understood in terms of networks that link neuron like units
Many operations can proceed simultaneously
Human cognition is often parallel, not linear
Also called the parallel distributed processing approach and the neural-network approach

33
Q

Social cognitive neuroscience

A

Uses neuroscience techniques to study the cognitive processes that we use in our interactions with other people

34
Q

What approach developed the idea of insight?

A

The Gestalt approach

Cognitive Psychology (9 decks)

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