Chapter 6

Question 1

Metacognition

Answer 1

Focuses on your knowledge and control of your cognitive processes

Question 2

Prospective memory

Answer 2

Remembering to do something in the future

Question 3

3 general ways to develop effective memory strategies

Answer 3

1. Levels of processing
2. Encoding specificity
3. Avoiding overconfidence

Question 4

Levels of processing

Answer 4

Recall information more accurately if you process it at a deep level, rather than a shallow level

Question 5

Elaboration

Answer 5

For levels of processing approach

Concentrate on the specific meaning of a particular concept and relate it to knowledge

Question 6

Distinctiveness

Answer 6

For levels of processing approach

One memory trace should be different from all other memory traces

Question 7

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 7

Recall is often better if the context at the time of encoding matches the context at the time when your retrieval will be tested

Question 8

Foresight bias

Answer 8

Occurs when people have been studying for a future exam and they are overconfident about how well they will perform

Question 9

4 strategies emphasizing practice

Answer 9

1. The total time hypothesis
2. The retrieval practice effect
3. The distributed practice effect
4. The testing effect

Question 10

Keyword method

Answer 10

Identify an English word that is similar to the word you want to learn
Create an image linking the two

Question 11

Retrospective memory

Answer 11

Remembering information you acquired in the past

Question 12

Prospective memory relies on regions in what part of the brain?

Answer 12

Frontal lobe

Also play a role in retrospective memory

Question 13

Metamemory

Answer 13

People’s knowledge, monitoring, and control of their memory

Question 14

Calibration

Answer 14

Measures people’s accuracy in estimating their actual performance

Question 15

Tip-of-the-tongue effect

Answer 15

Describes subjective experience of knowing the target word for which you are searching, yet you cannot recall it right now
Activates right prefrontal cortex

Question 16

Embodied cognition

Answer 16

A perspective that emphasizes how our abstract thoughts are often expressed by our motor behaviour

Question 17

Feeling-of-knowing effect

Answer 17

Describes the subjective experience of knowing some information, but you cannot recall it right now
Activates left prefrontal cortex

Question 18

Metacomprehension

Answer 18

Refers to your thoughts about language comprehension

Includes metamemory and metacomprehension

Question 19

3 different classes of mnemonics

Answer 19

Processing
Imagery
Organization

Question 20

Generation effect

Answer 20

If you ask people to generate information they will remember that information way better than if they simply read the information

Question 21

Production effect

Answer 21

Describes an improvement in performance due to relative distinctiveness

Question 22

Transfer appropriate procesing

Answer 22

Processing at study = processing at test

You study differently for a MC exam than essay exam

Question 23

Judgements of learning

Answer 23

Occurs when you decide if you know something or not

Tendency to be overconfident in our memories

Question 24

Method of loci

Answer 24

Memory palace

Question 25

4 techniques to recall information using organization

Answer 25

1. Chunking
2. Hierarchy
3. First letter technique
4. Narrative technique