Chapter 8 Flashcards
Define State
An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established gov. that has control over its internal and foreign affairs /A country
Define Sovereignty
independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
Why is important to know the locations of states, and what are the largest six states?
You would lack the basic frame of reference knowing where things are
Russia, US. Canada, China, Brazil, and Australia
When was the United Nations created and by whom?
In 1945 by the Victorious Allies of World War II
What does the United Nations do?
Address global economic problems, promote human rights, and provide humanitarian relief
Who are the five permanent members of UN Security Council and what can they do?
US, China, UK, Russia, France
Can veto a peacekeeping operation
What challenges exist in unifying North and South Korea
North Korea is Communist
South Korea is Capitalist
(South Korea is further along developed than North Korea)
Do most people regard China and Taiwan as one or two sovereign states?
What is China’s opinion?
Other countries consider China and Taiwan as two sovereign states but China sees Taiwan apart of their country
During the time between China figuring out its gov system what did US falsely claim ruled over China?
Why?
Taiwan
Taiwan-Communist China-Nationalist
(Taiwan is not apart of the UN)
US supported the Nationalist during World War 1
Most African countries see the Western Sahara as independent, but which country does not?
Morocco
On which continent are there no states?
Antarctica
Which states have made conflicts over overlapping territory in Antarctica?
How many claims have been heard?
Argentina, Chile, UK
None
Referring to the Arctic Theory what is and is not allowed in the Antarctica?
Why might countries be interested in that continent??
States may establish research stations but no military activity
Thought to have rich in energy resources
Where did the ancient states evolve?
Political unity in the ancient world reached its peak____?
Ancient Middle East
Roman Empire
Define City-State?
Describe the evolution of European States?
- city that comprise a town and surrounding countryside
- a handful of powerful kings emerged as rulers, much of Europe consolidated into a handful of Empires
Define Self-determination?
Define nation-state? When did it arise?
- the idea that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
- a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity
- In Europe during the 19th century and Western Europe
- the movement to identify nationalist on the basis of language spread everywhere else in Europe
Define multiethnic state:
Define multinational state:
- state/country that contains more than one ethnicity
- country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination
Why is Denmark a good example of a perfect state-nation?
Why is Denmark not a good example of a perfect state-nation?
Good
- the Danes have a strong sense of unity that derives from shared cultural characteristics and attitudes
Not
- they have 2 large ethnic groups from Turkey and refugees from Yugoslavia
- Denmark controls two territories where few ethnic Danes live
Give 2 examples of centripetal forces used by communist in Eastern Europe.
- writers and artists were pressured to conform to a style known as “social realism”, emphasized Communist and political values
- Use of Russian Language as promoted
Identify 4 regions other than Russia apart of the Soviet Union.
Baltic, European, Central Asian, and Caucasus States
What are 2 similarities and 2 differences of Baltic States and Eastern Europe?
Similarity:
-All of former union
Differences:
- Baltic
- Only 1 country can be determined as nation-state (Lithuania)
- Have a clear cultural tradition and distinct historical traditions
- European
- All 3 republics fit nation-states (Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine)
- The distinctions are somewhat blurred
What is the dominant language family ad religion of Central Asian States?
Muslim
Altaic Language
What were 3 motivations for European Colonization?
To promote Christianity
Extract useful resources and to serve as captive markets
Establish power through the number of colonies
Where are most present colonies located?
Are islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea
Describe Hong Kong’s relationship to China?
-Hong Kong is attached to the mainland
China
-Hong Kong is classified as a special administrator region, it has autonomy from the rest of China but not foreign affairs and military
Why has Russia fought Chechyna from gaining independence?
I feared other ethnicities would follow suit, the region had a deposits of petroleum
What are two main types of Boundaries?
Physical and cultural
List 3 types of physical conflicts?
Desert (Africa and Asia)
Mountain- permanent and usually sparsely inhabited
Water- Rio Grande boundary that has changed over time
What are two types of cultural boundaries?
Geometric- Northern US and Canada, Alaska and Yukon Territory, Chad and Libya
Ethnic- Island of Eire (Ireland) Northern is Protestant and Southern is Roman Catholic
List 5 examples of states in Europe that coincide to a distinctive language?
England, France, Portugal, Spain, Germany
What are the two nationalities that live on Cyprus?
Turkish- North and Greek- South
Summarize the case study of Cyprus:
- Turkish were granted freedom from Greek lifestyle (culture, religion)
- Greek officers in favor of unification seized the government and took control
- Turkey invaded Cyprus to protect the Turkish people and restore peace
- A wall was made by the UN that divides Turkish and Greek citizens
Identify the 5 shapes of states:
-Compact- ideally shaped like a circle withe capital at the center;
Pro: Good communications can be established by regions
Con: Experience civil wars and ethnic rivalries
-Elongated-long and narrow shape
Con: suffer from poor internal communications
-Prorupted- like a compact state with an extension
Pro: provides state with resources and can separate another state from sharing a boundary
-Perforated- State that completely surrounds another one
Con: the state surrounded is totally dependent on the surrounding state
Fragmented- several discontinuous pieces of territory
Con: hinders communication and maintaining national unity
What is a major disadvantage of landlocked states?
Lacks a direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by other countries
(15 In Africa)
Define Federal State:
allocates strong power to units of local government within the country
Define Unitary State:
Place most power in the hands of central government officials
In which situations does a unitary system work best?
In nation-states characterized by few internal cultural differences and a strong sense of national unity
Eg: Kenya/Rwanda and France
In which situations does a federal system work best?
Suitable for very large states, national capital may be too remote for other regions
Eg: Russia, United States
Define Gerrymandering:
process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
Give 3 examples of gerrymandering:
Wasted vote
Excess vote
Stacked vote
What were two main superpowers during Cold War?
Soviet Union and United States
How has the nature of warfare and alliances changed since the Cold War?
- Warfare is left often conventional and more often state vs organization or internal within state
- Alliances are more often Economic
What are some examples in which US and Soviet Union used military force to prevent an ally from becoming independent?
Soviet Union- Czechoslovakia
US- Latin America (Dominican Republic)
Define Balance of Power:
A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances
Summarize Cuban Missile Crisis
- Fidel Castro took over Cuba (Communism)
- Allowed Soviet Union to put nuclear weapon in Cuba, capable of hitting US
Define NATO:
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
-military alliance among democratic states (US) and European States
Define Warsaw Pact:
- military agreement among communist east Europe countries
- To protect from NATO
- Defend each other in case of an attack
- Dissolved during breakup of Soviet Union
Define European Union:
- Economic Cooperation between European Countries
- designed to heal Western Europe from WW2
Who controls interest rates and inflation in Europe?
European Central Bank
Identify 3 effects of the global recession on the Eurozone?
Greece,Ireland,Italy, and Spain have been forced to implement harsher policies
- Cutting services and higher taxes
Germany has been forced to subsidize the weaker states
Identify 4 other Supranational Organizations:
AU: African Union Keep security in Africa
ASEAN: Economic cooperation, in South Africa
Mercosur: Economic cooperation Southern South America-Brazil
NAFTA: Economic cooperation between US, Canada, and Mexico
Define Terrorism:
Systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or government
How is terrorism different from other forms of warfare?
Attacks are at ordinary people rather than military targets or political leaders
Describe 2 examples of terrorism committed by Americans against Americans:
- Theodore J. Kaczynski (Unabomber) was convicted of killing people and injuring by sending bombs in the mail to academics in technology and business executives
- Timothy J. McVeugh was convicted and executed for the Oklahoma City bombing, motive was provoked by rage against US Gov
Who perpetrated the 9/ll/2001 attack in the US
Osama Bin Laden
