CHAPTER 10 Flashcards
Characteristics and locations of pastoral nomadism
based on the herding of domesticated animals
- dry climates, planting crops is impossible
- live primarily in arid or semiarid (Central Asia, South West Asia, and North Africa)
- depend primarily on animals than plants
- consume grain rather than meat
- have a strong sense of territoriality
- Subsistence farming
- Camels, sheep, horses (extensive Ag)
- Move in an established route
- Transhumance: seasonal movement of livestock from mountains to lowland pastures
- extensive
Characteristics and locations of Shifting cultivation:
(slash- and- burn agriculture)
- Tropical climate regions with high temperature and rainfall
- Located in tropical rainforest of ( Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South West Asia)
-Farmers grow crops cut down pieces of rain forest, burn debris (ashes wash into soil)
for a few years (3-5) than stop to let the soil recover
- Crops vary by local custom
- Land is owned by a whole village
- Most environmentally friendly
- Does not use animal power but hand tools
- Extensive farming
- extensive
Characteristics and locations of intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant:
- Densely populated East, South and Southeast Africa
- They waste virtually no land (roads are narrow and animals cannot graze)
- Requires flat surface, (terraced farming in Mts.)
- Uses plow and animal power not just hand tools
- Grown in a nursery then planted in a flooded field
- Takes place in river valleys or deltas
Characteristics and locations of intensive subsistence, crops other than rice dominant:
- Summer rain is too low and winters are too harsh
- Land is used intensively and worked by human power
- More dryer climate (Central India), wheat important crop
Characteristics and locations of plantation:
- Type of commercial farming
- Specializes in one or two crops
- Located in the tropics (Latin America, Africa, and Asia)
- Often owned and operated by Europeans and North Americans
- Most important crops are cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, bananas, tea, and tobacco
- Until Civil war plantations were in the South
Characteristics and locations of mixed crop and livestock:
- Most land dedicated to crops
- Most income from livestock
- Crops mainly grown to feed livestock
- Crop Rotation: alternating crops seasonally across multiple fields to preserve nutrients in soil
Eg: Field A– Corn, oats, barley, wheat
Field B- Fallow: left empty
Field C- Rest Crop: restore nutrients such as Nitrogen
Characteristics and locations of dairying:
- N. America, Northern Europe, New Zealand (cheese)
- Milkshed: Area within which milk can be delivered without spoiling
- Cheese and butter produced more outside major milksheds
Characteristics and locations of grain:
- Grains is a mixed crop and livestock grown to feed livestock
- Commercial grains for human consumption
- One of US main Ag exports/ corn and wheat
- Winter & Spring Wheat Belts, Corn Belt
Characteristics and locations of ranching:
- Prevalent in American West, Southern South America, Australia
Ranching history in US
1. 1800s Walk cows to Abilene Put on train to Chicago. Processed in CHICAGO. Delivered to markets in East
2. Late 1800s Ended cattle drives. Cattle often crowded into large commercial farm feeds
-extensive
Characteristics and locations of Mediterranean:
- Moderate, moist winters
- Hot, dry, summers
- Olives, grapes main crops
- Major producer of grapes and wine
- Human consumption rather than animal food
- Horticulture: fruits, vegetables
Characteristics and locations of commercial gardening: Truck Farming
- Sell to affluent consumers and processors
- A. Migrant workers
- B. Adv Machinery (improved productivity)
- Commercial gardening and fruit farming
What challenge do farmers in developed countries and in developing countries both have?
generating enough income from food production
What is the reason for this challenge in developed countries? Developing countries?
In developing countries overproduction of food lowers prices. In developing countries the challenge is producing enough food.
What two methods used by subsistence farmers to increase the supply of food according to Ester Boserup?
Improved farming methods
Intensification of land use (fallow periods are shorter)
Eg: Forest fallow is found in sparsely inhabited areas (fallow up to 20 yrs)
Multi-cropping: (double cropping): in the most heavily populated areas. Never fallow
Multiple harvest per year
Why do farmer in LDC grow drug crops for exportation?
Why is Afghanistan important in drug crop exportation?
Farmers make very little with legitimate crops. More with drugs crops.
(Eg: twice as much in Colombia for coca as for coffee)
Produces 90% of the World’s Opium (used in heroin, morphine, etc)
