Ch 11

Question 1

What were some of the first industries impacted by the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 1

Iron: first industry to benefit

Coal: principal source of energy to operate oven and steam engines

Transportation: Railroad enabled factories to attract large number of workers and bring in both the raw materials and ship finished goods to customers

Chemicals: created to bleach and dye cloth

Food Processing: Canning food which was essential to feed factory workers

Question 2

What were prime Industrial regions in Europe and what were they known for?

Answer 2

Uk: was the first to industrialize but old steel and textile companies have declined. on the other hand the country has attracted international investors through high tech (Silicon Glen)

Mid-Rhine: Central location industrial area and is the wealthiest market area in Europe

rhine-Rhur: much concentration of iron and steel manufacturing

Moscow: Russia’s oldest industrial region

St Petersburg: specializes in shipbuilding in other industries in Russia’s navy

Ural Mts: contains worlds most very collection of minerals

Volga River: largest petroleum and natural gas field

Question 3

What were prime Industrial regions in North America?

Answer 3

New England: oldest in the US

Mid-Atlantic: The largest US market, access to port, and recycles minimills

Mohawk Valley: generate power from Niagara Falls

Pittsburgh/Lake Erie: leaving steel production area

Western Great Lakes: steel production also but where deindustrialization exists

Question 4

What were prime industrial regions in Asia?

Answer 4

Japan: sold goods in large quantities at cut prices to consumers

China: largest supply of low cost labor

South Korea: cheapest form of shipping

Question 5

What is a situation factor?

Answer 5

Involves transporting materials to and from a factory.

- A firm seeks a location that minimizes the cost of transporting inputs to the factories and consumers

Question 6

Describe the Situation Factor: Proximity to Inputs?

Answer 6

Locate as close as possible to inputs if the cost of transportation is greater than the cost of transporting to consumers

Question 7

Describe Situation Factors: Proximity to Market?

Answer 7

Locate as close as possible to the costumer if the cost if transporting raw materials is less than the cost of transporting to consumers

Question 8

Describe Bulk-Reducing Industries:

Answer 8

An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final product

• to minimize transport costs they locate near the inputs
• Minerals are especially important inputs

Question 9

Describe Single-Market Manufacturers:

Answer 9

Are specialized manufacturers with only one or two customers, location is often close to the customers/market

• An example is the producer of buttons, zippers, pins
• Another example is the makers of parts for motor vehicles (GM and Toyota)
• ship most of their products directly to the assembly plant, proximity the assembly plant is increasing important for the diffusion of just-in-time delivery

Question 10

Describe Perishable Products:

Answer 10

To deliver as rapidly as possible to consumers they must be located near the market

• Unless processors are turning it into frozen food then they can locate far away from their customers
• An example that is not food is the newspaper, it contains date info

Question 11

Summarize the modes of transportation for delivering products.

Answer 11

Trucks- most flexible and cheap for shorter travel distance

Trains- travels to destinations that will take longer than a day at a cheap cost, but not flexible

Ships- very good for traveling over very long distances, slowest, can cross ocean, cheapest

Air-most expensive,speedy delivery

Question 12

summarize the changing distribution of steel.

Answer 12

Two changes in situation factors influenced changes in the distribution of steel:

• relative importance of inputs
• steelmaking was traditionally clustered near raw materials such as iron or a coal but as the distribution change of minerals, producing steel changed to
• increasing importance of proximity to market rather than inputs
  
  • rather than iron ore and coal functioning minimills it was scrap metal that was produced by market

Question 13

Summarize the global distribution of motor vehicles.

Answer 13

N. America Motor vehicle distribution change from North East Michigan and Ohio ( Rust Belt) to down south in Alabama and Mexico

in Europe motor vehicle distribution change from Western to Eastern Europe because of low labor cost and the demand for vehicles has increased with an end of communist restrictions

in East Asia China assembly plants are clustered in the east order to be near the major population centers

Question 14

What is Labor in terms of a site factor?

Answer 14

Most important site factor on a global scale

A labor-intensive industry is an industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses

Question 15

What is capital in terms of Site factors?

Answer 15

The funds to establish new factories or expand existing ones it is the money in a bank or government gives to investors

and example is California’s Silicon Valley in which Banks in Silicon Valley made huge investment for new software and communication firms that other lenders hesitated

Question 16

What is land in terms of site factors?

Answer 16

Land space is needed because contemporary factories often building a one-story building were raw materials are delivered on one end then moved through the factory on conveyors to the other end

Question 17

Summarize textiles and apparel input.

Answer 17

Prominent example of an industry that generally requires less skilled and low cost workers

developed countries player large role in the assembly of textile and apparel but the spinning and weaving is often done least developed countries

Question 18

What period of time did the Industrial Revolution take place? Where?

Answer 18

• The Industrial Revolution was a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
• prior to the industrial revolution people made tools and Ag equipment in their homes which is known as cottage industry system

Question 19

Describe Bulk-Gaining Industries:

Answer 19

Makes something that gains volume or weight during production process
- to minimize transport costs they locate near the
market
-An example would be the fabrication of parts and machinery (metal parts take up larger space which makes the sum of shipping to consumers far critical)
-Another example is the beverage production:
*the principal input placed in beverages is water which is relatively bulky/heavy and expensive to transport
*because water is readily available where people live they can focus less on input and more on the market

Question 20

What is a break-of-bulk-point?

Answer 20

Location where transfers among transportation nodes is possible,
-seaports and airports

Question 21

What is Air pollution:

Answer 21

concentrations of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in avg air
- generated from factories and motor vehicles
Effects;
-Green house effect: anticipated increase in Earth’s temp. caused by an increase in CO2 & other greenhouse gases trapping some of the radiation
-earths protective ozone is being destroyed by pollutants called Chlorofluorocarbons (freon)
- Acid deposition/ precipitation: damages lakes killling plants and animals

Question 22

What is solid pollution:

Answer 22

Sanitary landfill is the most common form of disposing waste

-changing of disposing waste by inceneration

Question 23

What is water pollution:

Answer 23

• Point source pollution- enters a body of water at a specific location
  
  • Ex: water using manufactuerers and municipal sewage
• Nonpoint source Pollution-comes from a large, diffuse area
  
  • Ex: Argiculture (fertilizers that runoff in lakes )
  • Ex: Aral Sea in former Soviet Union, shrunk b/c diverted its stream to irrigate cotton fields

Question 24

Shifts in industry in the US:

Answer 24

• N.E lost jobs while the South and West gained jobs
• Reasons for this: the union in N.E States
  
  • lure of right-to-work states: requires a factory to maintain “open shop” union &company cannot make a deal that forces workers to join the union
• textile / apparel production left for LDCs

Question 25

Shifts in industry in Eruope:

Answer 25

• from traditional N.W to Southern and Eastern Europe
• encouraged industrial relocation
• Convergence regions are in E&S Europe where incomes lag behind
• Compeitive and Employment regions are in W. Europe in core industrial areas (experienced manufacturing job losses)
• Central Europe offers much cheaper less skilled labor and closer proximity to wealthy markets of W. Europe

Question 26

Outsourcing:

Answer 26

• Transnational corp. transfer some work to developing countries given their lower wages
  
  • the selective transfer of some jobs to developing countries is New International Division of Labor
• companies allocate production to low wage countries through outsourcing:turning over responsibility for production to independent suppliers
  - Ex: Iphone makers
  
  • opposite of vertical integration in which a company controls all phases of production

Question 27

Mexico and NAFTA:

Answer 27

• Maquiladoras: plants in Mexico near the US border

- BRIC’s: Brazil, Russia, India, China expected by some to dominate manufacturing in 21st century.

Question 28

Fordist Production:

Answer 28

Fordist Production:

• mass production
• assigning each worker one specific job to perform repeatedly

Post-Fordist Production:
- lean, flexible
-