Chap 12

Question 1

Consumer services:

Answer 1

providing services to individual customers who desire it

Ex: Retail, Private School, Leisure, Hospitality, and Health Care

Question 2

Business Services:

Answer 2

facilitating other businesses

Ex: Financial, Professional, and Transportation

Question 3

Public Services:

Answer 3

provide security and protection for citizens and businesses

Ex: (Gov Workers), Police, Public Ed, Mail carriers

Question 4

Central Place Theory:

Answer 4

helps to explain how the most profitable locations can be identified

• Proposed by German geographer Walter Christaller
• ideal location is as close as possible to the largest number of potential customers

Question 5

Market Area of a Service:

Answer 5

central place- is a market center for the exchange of good and services by people attracted to the area
-the area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted is ( Market Area or hinterland )

Question 6

Range of a market area:

Answer 6

the range is the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service

• people are willing to go only a short distance for everyday consumer services such as dry cleaners and pharmacies = small range
• people will travel longer distances for other services such as a concert or ball game = large range

Question 7

Threshold of a market area:

Answer 7

the minimum number of people needed to support a services is a threshold

• movie theaters attract young people
• poorer people are drawn to thrift stores

Question 8

Market Area shapes:

Answer 8

to represent market areas in central place theory geographers draw hexagons around settlements

• compromise between squares and circles
  
  • like squares they leave no gaps, although not all points along the hexagon are equidistant close enough like circles

Question 9

Rank Size Rule:

Answer 9

Rank Size Rule- the country’s Nth largest settlement is 1/N the population of the largest settlement

• the second largest is one half the largest city and the fourth largest city is one fourth the largest city
  
  • Ex: LA is 1/2 NYC and Chicago is 1/3 NYC
• shows that a country is relatively wealthy

Question 10

Primate City Rule:

Answer 10

Largest settlement is more than twice the population the second-ranking settlement

• the country’s largest city is called primate city
  
  • Ex: Mexico largest city Mexico City is five times larger than is second-largest city Guadalajara
• indicated a lack of wealth across the country

Question 11

Offshore Financial Services and Outsourcing:

Answer 11

• Offshore centers provide two important functions in the gobal circulation of capital:
  
  • taxes: taxes on income, profit, and capital gains are typically low and tax-free status
  • privacy: help individuals and businesses escape disclosure and protect their assets from lawsuits
• Outsourcing functions include insurance claims processing, payroll management, and transcription work
• low wages
• ability to speak english

Question 12

Basic Industries:

Answer 12

bring money into a settlement through outside sources

-export primarily to customers outside the settlement Ex: Disney

Question 13

Non-Basic Industries:

Answer 13

circulate money within the community

-enterprises whose customers live in the same community Ex: dry cleaners

Question 14

Global Cites:

Answer 14

The headquarters of major corporations and finanical institutions are located in New York City, Tokyo, and London
- the decisions made here affect the global economy

Question 15

Clustered rural settlements:

Answer 15

• circular rural settlements comprise a central open space surrounded by structures
• New England and Germany
• linear rural settlements comprise buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications
• the fields extend behind the buildings in long narrow strips
• French Settlements

Question 16

Dispersed rural settlements:

Answer 16

settlements are more common in commercial agriculture

• dominated in the American midwest
• Europeans switched over to dispersed patterns to improve Ag production
• Closest neighbor is a mile away

Question 17

Enclosure movement:

Answer 17

• process in UK where circular rural settlements were transformed in dispersed rural settlements.
• british government formed the rural landscape by consolidating individually owned strips of land surrounding a village into single farms owned by an individual

Question 18

Agglomeration Economics:

Answer 18

• clustering of similar types of services resulting in benefits to each.
  Eg. Specialist doctors’ offices near hospital
  Eg: hotels and restaurants near Disney

Question 19

Extra:

Answer 19

Density gradient: greatest land cost/ least space available is in CBD. Space increases/ cost decreases with greater distance outward.

Downtown Tokyo 1 bill per acre. Skyscrapers must build as many floors as possible to collect rent/ pay for cost of space.

IV.  Cities in Latin America:
 Some of World’s largest
3 common characteristics:	
	Grid pattern
	Cathedral in center
	Open plaza in center

Large squatter settlements in larger cities
Brazil: called favelas,
Spanish speaking countries: called Barriadas