Chapter 8

Question 1

Working memory

Answer 1

Newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of information auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieval of long-term memory

Question 2

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Answer 2

Long-term memory

Question 3

Activated memory that holds a few times briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 3

Short-term memory

Question 4

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 4

Sensory memory

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

The process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 6

Storage

Answer 6

The retention of encoded information

Question 7

Encoding

Answer 7

The processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning

Question 8

Memory

Answer 8

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Question 9

Recall

Answer 9

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the blank test

Question 10

Recognition

Answer 10

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Question 11

Relearning

Answer 11

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Question 12

Explicit memory

Answer 12

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” (also called declarative memory)

Question 13

Effortful processing

Answer 13

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 14

Automatic processing

Answer 14

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Question 15

Implicit memory

Answer 15

Retention independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative memory)

Question 16

What are the two basic functions of working memory?

Answer 16

(1) Active processing of incoming visual and auditory information, and (2) focusing our spotlight of attention

Question 17

What two new concepts update the classic Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing model?

Answer 17

(1) We form some memories through automatic processing, w/out our awareness. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model focused only on conscious memories. (2) The newer concept of a working memory emphasizes the active processing that we now know takes place in Atkinson-Shiffrin’s short-term memory stage

Question 18

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Answer 18

Iconic memory

Question 19

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Answer 19

Echoic memory

Question 20

Chunking

Answer 20

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Question 21

Mnemonics

Answer 21

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 22

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Answer 22

Spacing effect

Question 23

Testing effect

Answer 23

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

Question 24

Shallow processing

Answer 24

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 25

Deep processing

Answer 25

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Question 26

Hippocampus

Answer 26

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Question 27

What is the difference between automatic and effortful processing, and what are some examples of each?

Answer 27

Automatic processing occurs unconsciously (automatically) for such things as the sequence of frequency of a day’s events, and reading and comprehending words in our own language. Effortful processing requires attention and awareness and happens, for example, when we work hard to learn new material in class, or new lines for a play

Question 28

At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin’s three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?

Answer 28

Sensory memory

Question 29

Which strategies are better for long-term retention: cramming and rereading material, or spreading out learning over time and repeatedly testing yourself?

Answer 29

Although cramming may lead to short term gains in knowledge, distributed practice and repeated self-testing will result in greater long term retention

Question 30

if you try to make the material you are learning personally meaningful, are you processing at a shallow or deep level?Which level leads to greater retention?

Answer 30

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