Chapter 10 Flashcards
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Drive-reduction theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Homeostasiss
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Incentive
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Yerkes-Dodson law
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level saftey needs and then psychological needs become active
Glucose
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
Set point
The point at which your “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight
Basal metabolic rate
The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Achievement motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for rapidly attaining a higher standard
emotion
A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, (3) conscious experience
The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
James-Lange theory
The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) by physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
Two-factor theory
Polygraph
A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion
Facial feedback effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger, or happiness
Todays evolutionary psychology shares an idea that was an underlying assumption of instinct theory. That idea is that?
Genes predispose species-typical behavior
An example of a physiological need is ______. An example of a psychological drive is ________.
hunger; a “push” to find food
Jan walks into a friend’s kitchen, smells bread baking, and begins to feel very hungry. The smell of baking bread is a(n) __________.
Incentive
________ theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs
Arousal
With a challenging task, such as taking a difficult exam, performance is likely to peak when arousal is
Moderate
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, our most basic needs are physiological, including the need for food and water; just above these are ______ needs
Safety
Journalist Dorothy Dix (1861-1951) once remarked, “Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry.” Which motivation theory best supports her statement?
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs best supports this statement because it addresses the primacy of some motives over others. Once our basic physiological needs are met, safety concerns are addressed next, followed by belongingness and love needs (such as the desire to kiss)
According to the concept of set point, our body maintains itself at a particular weight level. This “weight thermostat” is an example of _________.
Homeostasis
Which of the following is a genetically predisposed response to food?
A preference for sweet and salty foods
The blood sugar ______ provides the body with energy. When it is _______, we feel hungry
glucose; low
The rate at which your body expends energy while at rest is referred to as the ______ _______ rate.
basal metabolic
Obese people find it very difficult to lose weight permanently. This is due to several factors, including the fact that
There is a genetic influence on body weight
Sanjay recently adopted the typical college diet high in fat and sugar. He knows he may gain weight, but he figures it’s no big deal because he can lose the extra pounds in the future. How would you evaluate Sanjay’s plan?
His plan is problematic. After he gains weight, the extra fat will require less energy to maintain than it did to gain in the first place. Sanjay may have a hard time getting rid of it later, when his metabolism slows down in an effort to retain his body weight.
What are some ways to manage our social networking time successfully?
Monitor the time spent on cell phones and Facebook, as well as our feelings about that time. Hide distracting online friends. Turn off or put away distracting devices. Consider a Facebook fast, and get outside and away from technology regularly
The _______-_______ theory of emotion maintains that a physiological response happens BEFORE we know what we are feeling.
James-Lange
Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to label or interpret them. Lazarus disagreed. These psychologists differ about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of
Cognitive processing
What does a polygraph measure and why are its results questionable?
It measures physiological changes, such as heart rate and perspiration, that are associated w/emotions. Its use as a lie detector is controversial because the measure cannot distinguish between emotions with similar physiology (such as anxiety and guilt)
When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fear. This result is known as the _________ _________ effect
Facial feedback
