Chapter 10

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 2

Instinct

Answer 2

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 3

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 3

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 4

Homeostasiss

Answer 4

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Question 5

Incentive

Answer 5

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 6

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 6

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Question 7

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 7

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level saftey needs and then psychological needs become active

Question 8

Glucose

Answer 8

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger

Question 9

Set point

Answer 9

The point at which your “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight

Question 10

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 10

The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

Question 11

Achievement motivation

Answer 11

A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for rapidly attaining a higher standard

Question 12

emotion

Answer 12

A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, (3) conscious experience

Question 13

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Answer 13

James-Lange theory

Question 14

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Answer 14

Cannon-Bard theory

Question 15

The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) by physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

Answer 15

Two-factor theory

Question 16

Polygraph

Answer 16

A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion

Question 17

Facial feedback effect

Answer 17

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger, or happiness

Question 18

Todays evolutionary psychology shares an idea that was an underlying assumption of instinct theory. That idea is that?

Answer 18

Genes predispose species-typical behavior

Question 19

An example of a physiological need is ______. An example of a psychological drive is ________.

Answer 19

hunger; a “push” to find food

Question 20

Jan walks into a friend’s kitchen, smells bread baking, and begins to feel very hungry. The smell of baking bread is a(n) __________.

Answer 20

Incentive

Question 21

________ theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs

Answer 21

Arousal

Question 22

With a challenging task, such as taking a difficult exam, performance is likely to peak when arousal is

Answer 22

Moderate

Question 23

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, our most basic needs are physiological, including the need for food and water; just above these are ______ needs

Answer 23

Safety

Question 24

Journalist Dorothy Dix (1861-1951) once remarked, “Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry.” Which motivation theory best supports her statement?

Answer 24

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs best supports this statement because it addresses the primacy of some motives over others. Once our basic physiological needs are met, safety concerns are addressed next, followed by belongingness and love needs (such as the desire to kiss)

Question 25

According to the concept of set point, our body maintains itself at a particular weight level. This “weight thermostat” is an example of _________.

Answer 25

Homeostasis

Question 26

Which of the following is a genetically predisposed response to food?

Answer 26

A preference for sweet and salty foods

Question 27

The blood sugar ______ provides the body with energy. When it is _______, we feel hungry

Answer 27

glucose; low

Question 28

The rate at which your body expends energy while at rest is referred to as the ______ _______ rate.

Answer 28

basal metabolic

Question 29

Obese people find it very difficult to lose weight permanently. This is due to several factors, including the fact that

Answer 29

There is a genetic influence on body weight

Question 30

Sanjay recently adopted the typical college diet high in fat and sugar. He knows he may gain weight, but he figures it’s no big deal because he can lose the extra pounds in the future. How would you evaluate Sanjay’s plan?

Answer 30

His plan is problematic. After he gains weight, the extra fat will require less energy to maintain than it did to gain in the first place. Sanjay may have a hard time getting rid of it later, when his metabolism slows down in an effort to retain his body weight.

Question 31

What are some ways to manage our social networking time successfully?

Answer 31

Monitor the time spent on cell phones and Facebook, as well as our feelings about that time. Hide distracting online friends. Turn off or put away distracting devices. Consider a Facebook fast, and get outside and away from technology regularly

Question 32

The _______-_______ theory of emotion maintains that a physiological response happens BEFORE we know what we are feeling.

Answer 32

James-Lange

Question 33

Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to label or interpret them. Lazarus disagreed. These psychologists differ about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of

Answer 33

Cognitive processing

Question 34

What does a polygraph measure and why are its results questionable?

Answer 34

It measures physiological changes, such as heart rate and perspiration, that are associated w/emotions. Its use as a lie detector is controversial because the measure cannot distinguish between emotions with similar physiology (such as anxiety and guilt)

Question 35

When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fear. This result is known as the _________ _________ effect

Answer 35

Facial feedback