Chapter 15 Flashcards
Psychotherapy
Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist & someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the persons physiology
Biomedical therapy
An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Eclectic approach
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist’s interpretations of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self insight
Resistance
In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors & events in order to promote insight
Interpretation
Transference
In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
Psychodynamic theory
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, & seeks to enhance self-insight
A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses
Insight therapies
In psychoanalysis, patients may experience strong feelings for their analyst, which is called ______. Patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around sensitive memories- showing _______. The analyst will attempt to offer insight into the underlying anxiety by offering a(n) _______ of the mental blocks.
Transference; resistance; interpretation
Client-centered therapy
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth (also called person-centered therapy_
Active listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy
Unconditional positive regard
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
Behavior therapy
Counterconditioning
Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid
Exposure therapies
Systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic stimulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Aversive conditioning
A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
Token economy
Cognitive therapy
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
How do the insight therapies differ from behavior therapies?
The insight therapies- psychodynamic and humanistic therapies- seek to relieve problems by providing an understanding of their origins. Behavior therapies assume the problem behavior is the problem and treat it directly
Some maladaptive behaviors are learned. What hope does this fact provide?
If a behavior can be learned, it can be unlearned, & replaced by other more adaptive responses
Exposure therapies aversive conditioning are applications of _______ conditioning. Token economies are an application of ________ conditioning.
classical; operant
Cognitive behavioral therapy
A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing-self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
How do humanistic and cognitive therapies differ?
By reflecting clients’ feelings in a nondirective setting, the humanistic therapies attempt to foster personal growth by helping clients become more self aware & self accepting. By making clients aware of self-defeating patterns of thinking, cognitive therapies guide people toward more adaptive ways of thinking about themselves and their world
What is cognitive-behavioral therapy, and what sorts of problems does this therapy address?
This popular integrative therapy helps people change self-defeating thinking and behavior. It has been shown to be effective for those with obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, mood disorders, and anorexia nervosa
Group therapy
Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction
Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
Family therapy
Which therapeutic technique focuses more on the present and future than the past, and involves unconditional positive regard and active listening?
Humanistic therapy- specifically Carl Rogers’ client-centered therapy
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of group therapy?
More focused attention from the therapist
Evidence-based practice
Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
Therapy is more likely to be helpful in those with the ______ clearly defined problems
Most
What is evidence based practice?
Using this approach, therapists make decisions about treatment based on research evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of the client
What are EMDR and light exposure therapy, & what have we learned from controlled research about the value of these therapies?
Some therapies use eye movement desensitization and reprocessing to treat anxiety sufferers- triggering eye movements in their clients as the client envisions traumatic memories in an effort to reprocess the negative events. Light exposure therapy treats those suffering from depression with prescribed time in front of very bright artificial light in the mornings. Research suggests that light therapy is an effective as drugs or cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. EMDR has shown some effectiveness- not from the eye movement but rather from the exposure therapy nature of the treatments (and the placebo effect)
What two tendencies can bias appraisals of the effectiveness of alternative therapies?
There is a natural tendency for extraordinary happenings to return to a normal state. Clients may attribute their improvement to successful treatment. The placebo effect is the healing power of belief in a treatment. Clients who expect a treatment to be affective may believe it was
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
Psychopharmacology
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
Antipsychotic drugs
Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
Antianxiety drugs
Drugs used to treat depression and some anxiety disorders. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
Antidepressant drugs
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
Psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
Lobotomy
A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
Resilience
The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
A therapist who helps patients search for the unconscious roots of their problem and offers interpretations of their behaviors, feelings and dreams is drawing from?
Psychoanalysis
______ therapies are designed to help individuals discover the thoughts and feelings that guide their motivation and behavior
Insight
The technique of _______ _______ teaches people to relax in the presence of progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli
Systematic desensitization
Cognitive therapy has been especially effective in treating?
Depression
______-______ therapists help people to change their self-defeating ways of thinking and to act out those changes in their daily behavior
Cognitive-behavioral
Some antipsychotic drugs, used to calm people with schizophrenia, can have unpleasant side effects, most notably?
Sluggishness, tremors, and twitches
A simple salt that often brings relief to patients suffering the highs and lows of bipolar disorder is _______
Lithium
When drug therapies have not been effective, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be used as treatment, largely for people with
Severe depression
An approach that seeks to identify and alleviate conditions that put people at high risk for developing psychological disorders is called?
Biomedical therapy
