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Microbiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose
Phosphate group

A

Nucleotide

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1
Q

Macromolecule composed of repeating unite called nucleotides

A

DNA

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2
Q

Pentose sugar ribose with one less oxygen in DNA or ribose in RNS

A

Deoxyribose

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3
Q

The molecular study of genomes

A

Genomics

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4
Q

Set of rules that determine how nucleotide sequence is converted into amino acid sequence of proteins

A

Genetic code

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5
Q

Gene usually codes for mRNA which ultimately results in the formation of proteins
Proteins can also be a rRNA or a transfer RNA

A

Genetic Code

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6
Q

The entire DNA or collection of genes. It is the entire genetic material of an organism. It represents the POTENTIAL properties

A

Genotype

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7
Q

It refers to the actual EXPRESSED properties of an organism. It is an organisms collection of proteins

A

Phenotype

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8
Q

Process of DNA replication as each double stranded DNA molecule has one original mother strand and one new synthesized strand

A

Semiconservative

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9
Q

DNA polymerase enzyme can add new nucleotides at the 3’ end of the newly synthesized strand only, so the DNA is synthesized in one direction

A

5’-3’

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10
Q

Lagging strand synthesis is discontinuous as it’s made in fragments

A

Okazaki fragments

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11
Q

Enzyme opens the double helix up, so a replication fork

A

Helicase

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12
Q

Makes a short piece of RNA called RNA primer on the DNA TEMPLATE

A

RNA polymerase

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13
Q

Adds nucleotides at the 3’ end of the RNA primer and make the daughter strand. It also does the proof reading mistakes in base pairing

A

DNA Polymerase I

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14
Q

Removes RNA Primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides but cannot connect the two newly made segments together

A

DNA polymerase I

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15
Q

Joins the newly made fragments

A

DNA Ligase

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16
Q

Relaxes supercoiled ahead of replication fork

A

DNA GYRASE

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17
Q

Protein synthesis, it involves decoding the language of nucleic acids and converting information into protein language

A

Translation

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18
Q

AUG

A

Initiator codon

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19
Q

UAA
UGA
UAG

A

Terminator codons

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20
Q

Combines with certain proteins to make ribosomes

A

rRNA

21
Q

site for protein synthesis
Copy DNA info for synthesis of proteins
Have codons in triplet bases

A

mRNA

22
Q

Pick up specific amino acids in cytoplasm and transfer them to mRNA

Cloverleaf shape with attachment site for a specific amino acid
Has anti-codon complementary to codon in mRNA

A

tRNA

23
Q

Codes for particular amino acid

A

Codon

24
Q

Coding regions of DNA

A

Exons

25
Q

Non coding regions

A

Introns

26
Q

Regulatory proteins that block the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA
No transcription

A

Repressor protein

27
Q

Process that turns on the transcription of a gene

A

Inducer

28
Q

B-galactosides production in E.coli
Converts lactose to glucose and galactose
When lactose present it is converted to allolactose that induces the gene to produce the enzyme B-galactose

A

Induction

29
Q

Area on gene where RNA polymerase binds.

A

Promotor

30
Q

Area where Repressor can bind

A

Operator

31
Q

Set of promotor and operator sites and the structured gene thru control are defined as operon

A

Operon

32
Q

Maybe silent or neutral

Nucleotide is substituted for other especially in third position of codon

A

Mutations

33
Q

Missense mutations

Nonsense mutations

A

Point mutation

34
Q

Which single base is replaced by another base

A

Point mutation

35
Q

Base substitution resulting in an amino acid substitution. Suckle cell causes by this mutation

A

Missense mutation

36
Q

Base substitutions resulting in a nonsense codon (stop codon) in the middle of mRNA (half product or no product)

A

Nonsense mutation

37
Q

Positive selection involves detection of mutant cells by rejection of unwanted parent cells

A

Direct mutation

38
Q

Negative selection selects cells that cannot preform a certain function by using replica plating

A

Indirect mutants

39
Q

Genes are transferred from a donor to a recipient
Donor does not give entire chromosome
Gene transfer can occur between species

A

Unidirectional

40
Q

Genes are passed from an organism to its offspring

A

Vertical gene transfer

41
Q

Bacteria pass their gene to other microbes of the same generation
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

A

Gene transfer

42
Q

Genes are transferred from one to another bacterium as naked DNA
Some bacteria release their DNA into environment. Other bacteria encounter that DNA

A

Transformation

43
Q

Bacteria take up fragments of DNA and integrate then into their own chromosome by recombination
Fredrick Griffith in 1926 Strep pneumoniae

A

Transformation

44
Q

Bacteria that can pick up fragments of DNA from environment Me
works best when donor and recipient cells are closely rebated
Occurs in Bacillus, Haemophillus,
neisseria, Acinetobacter, streptococcus, staph E. Coli

A

Transformation

45
Q

Gene transfer from donor to a revue over by direct physical contact between cells which is mediates by plasmids

A

Conjugation

46
Q

Has F factor

Sex pilus

A

Donor

47
Q

Lacks F factor

A

Recipient

48
Q

Give transfer from a donor to a recipient by was of a bacteriophage

A

Transduction

49
Q

In which only certain donor genes can be transferred

A

Specialized transduction

50
Q

Self replicating circular extra chromosomal molecules of DNA carrying genes that are not usually essential for the cells survival

A

Plasmids

Microbiology (13 decks)

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