Chapter 10 Taxonomy Flashcards
Evolutionary history of a group or organism
Phylogeny
Science of classifying organisms with the goal of showing relationships among organisms
Taxonomy
Shows evolutionary or phylogenetic relationships among organisms
Taxonomic hierarchy
Originates the 2 kingdom system of taxonomy 350 bc
Aristotle
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds & mammals
Animalia
Grasses
Herbs
Shrubs
Trees
Plantae
Modernized classification & naming system
Carolus Linnaeus
Plant & animal kingdom
Linnaeus
Bacteria & Fungi put in plant kingdom
Nageli
Kingdom Protista proposed for bacteria, Protozoa, algae, and fungi
Haeckel
Introduced term Prokaryote for cell without nucleus
Chatton
Kingdom Fungi introduced
1959
Prokaryote defined as cells in which nucleoplasm is not surrounded by nuclear membrane
Stanier
Kingdom Prokaryote proposed
Murray
Proposed third kingdom called Protista, which included Protozoa, single cells algae and slime molds
Three kingdom system of Ernst Haekel
Animalia Plantae Mycetae (fungi) Protista Prokaryotae (monera)
5 kingdom system of Robert Whittaker
Difference in group Archaea
Living organisms classified into 3 domains:
Three domain system Carl Woose
No cell walls
Chemoautrophic
Domain Eukarya
Cellulose walls
Photoautotrophic
Plantae
Domain Eukarya
Chitin cell walls
Chemoheterotrophic
Fungi
Domain Eukarya
Catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms
Protista
Domain Eukarya
Similarities based on ribosomal RNA living organisms are classified into three domains: bacteria, archaea, Eukarya
Three domain system
Placing organisms in groups of related species. It is the systematic grouping of organisms into categories of evolutionary or structural relationships between them based on similarities
Classification
Matching characteristics of unknown organism to list of known organism
Identification
Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche
Viral species
Group of bacteria derived from a single cell
Pure culture
Clone
Nonidentical clone cells identified by numbers, letters, or names
Strain
Closely related strains
Bacterial species
Population of cells with similar characteristics
Prokaryotic species
Group of organisms that interbreeds and prod vie viable off spring
Organisms are grouped into taxa according to phylogenetic relationships from ancestor
Eukaryotic species
Determined by molecular biology techniques
Prokaryotic relationships
Domain----------Eukayra Kingdom--------Animalia Phylum----------Chordata Class------------Mammalia Order------------Primata Family-----------Hominidae Genus-----------Homo Species---------H. Sapiens
Taxonomic hierarchy
Sequence bases can be used in classification of organisms
Ribosomal RNA
Used to detect small amounts of microbial DNA in a sample
PCR
Southern blotting
DNA probes
Hybridization techniques
Sequences amino acids
Fatty acid profiles
Percentage GC PAIRS
Method of identifying microorganisms
Produced by restriction enzymes are used to determine genetic similarities and can be used to identify and classify organisms
DNA fingerprints
Measures physical and chemicals characteristics of cells
Used to identify bacteria in a sample without cutting them
Flow cytometry
Is the identification of bacterial species and strains by determining their susceptibility to various bacteriophages
Phage Typing
Involves the reactions of microorganism with specific antibodies that are useful in determining the identity of strains and species as well as relationship among organisms
Serological test
Useful for identifying microorganisms especially when aided by differential staining techniques
Morphological characteristics
Presence of various enzymes as determined by using selective and differential media
Biochemical test
Single strands of DNA or of both DNA, RNA from related organisms will hydrogen bond to form double stranded molecule
Nucleic acid hybridization
Used for identification of organisms. Identification is based on successive questions and each question has two possible answers
Dichotomous keys
Show phylogenetic relationships among organisms
Using sequence bases RNA molecules the percentage of similarity in the nucleotides bases between each species
Cladograms
