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Microbiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Direction and magnitude of bending Is determined by the refractive indexes of the two media forming the interfaces

A

Bending of light

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1
Q

Measure of how greatly a substance slows the velocity of light

Measure of the light bending ability of a medium

A

Refractive index

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2
Q

Ability of a lens to separate or distinguish small objects that are close together

A

Resolving power

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3
Q

Wavelength of light/ 2x nunerical aperture

A

Resolving power

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4
Q

Function of the diameter of the objective lens to its focal length

A

Numerical aperture

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5
Q

Bright field microscope
Dark field microscope
Phase contrast microscope
Fluorescence microscope

A

Light microscope

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6
Q

Produces dark image against brighter background

Has several objective lenses

A

Bright Field microscope

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7
Q

Used to study living microorganisms
Contains opaque disc that will block light from directly entering the objective lens. Only light reflected from specimen enters the objective lens

A

Darkfield microscopy

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8
Q

No staining/Study living microbes
Image appear dark against light background. Has special objectives and a condenser that make cellular component visible which differ only slightly in their refractive indexes

A

Phase contrast microscopy

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9
Q

Ability of substances to absorb short wavelength of light (UV) and give of longer wavelength light (visible)

A

Fluorescence

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10
Q

Fluorescence dyes

An be chemically combined with an antibody, complex used in diagnosis to check the presence of an antigen(microbe)

A

Fluorochromes

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11
Q

Uses ultra violet or near ultraviolet wavelength light source
Organisms with fluorchrome appear luminescent against dark background

A

Fluorescence microscope

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12
Q

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

Electron microscope

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13
Q

Examine objects smaller than 0.2 um like viruses and internal cellular structures
Electrons used
Images are black & white
Electromagnetic lenses instead of glass lenses

A

Electron microscopy

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14
Q

Electrons scatter when they pass thirty ultra thin sections of a specimen
Transmitted electrons are used to produce image
Objects 10,000-100,000
Internal structures
Resolution 2.5nm

A

Transmission electron microscope

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15
Q

Uses electrons reflected from surface of a specimen to create 3D image
No sectioning
Objects magnified 1,000-10,000x
External images

A

Scanning electron microscope.

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16
Q

Bacterial smear is a fries preparation of bacterial cells on a glass slide
Require only small amount of the microbial culture

A

Smear

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17
Q

Done by passing the air dried smear several times over the flame or using blow dryer
Smear is fixed
Coagulates bacterial protein so bacteria stick to the slide surface

A

Heat fixation

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18
Q

Done to study the microbial properties and to group the microbes in specific groups for diagnosis

A

Staining

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19
Q

Coloring microbes with dye that creates contrast between bacteria and background and emphasis microbial structures

A

Staining

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20
Q

Organic compound contains benzene ring plus a chromosphere and auxochrome group

A

Stain

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21
Q

Salts composed of a positive and negative ion, one of which is colored and is non as the chromophore

A

Stains

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22
Q 
Contains positive ions 
Crystal violet 
Methylene blue 
Malachite green 
Safranin
A

Basic dye

23
Q

Contains negative ions
Eosin
Acid fuchsin
Nigrosin

A

Acidic dye

24
Q

Used to observe the overall shape size and capsules

No heat fixation required

A

Negative staining

25
Q

Simple
Differential
Special

A

Kinds of staining

26
Q

Aqueous or alcohol solution of single basic dye
Creates contrast between Bactria and background
Highlights entire microorganism to study cell shape, size, arrangement
Heat fixed

A

Simple staining

27
Q 
Methylene blue 
Crystal violent 
Carbolfuchsin 
Safranin 
Mordant** (sometimes)
A

Simple staining

28
Q

Requires the use of at least three chemical reagents that are applied sequentially to a heat fixed smear

  1. Primary stain
  2. Decolorizing agent
  3. Counterstain
A

Differential staining

29
Q

Imparts it’s color to all cell

A

Primary stain

30
Q

Bases on chemical composition of cellular components.

A

Decolorizing agent

31
Q

Contrasting color to that of the primary stain

A

Counterstain

32
Q

Differential staining procedure developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884

A

Gram staining

33
Q

Primary stain crystal violet (basic purple dye) applied to heat stain

A

Gram staining step 1

34
Q

After washing primary stain iodine (mordant) is applied that will make crystal violent complex
Bacteria at this point appear dark violet or purple

A

Gram staining step 2

35
Q

Alcohol, alcohol acetone solution applied as decoloring agent and removes purple color from Gram negative bacteria
** Gram Positive will retain purple color

A

Gram Staining step 3

36
Q

Alcohol rinsed and the slide is then stained with Counterstain Safranin(basic red dye)

A

Gram Staining step 4

37
Q

Have thicker layer if Peptidoglycan in cell wall. CV-1 complex is not washed by alcohol wash. They retain the CV-1 complex and remain purple

A

Gram positive bacteria

38
Q

Have thinner layer of Peptidoglycan and also have layer of lipopolysachharide as part of their cell wall.
Alcohol disrupts layer and CV-1 complex is washed through
***will remain colorless unless counter stain Safranin applied, become pink

A

Gram negative

39
Q

Penicillins
Cephalosporins

*cannot penetrate lipopolysachharide layer of gram negative**

A

Beta Lactams

40
Q

Uses to distinguish Myobacterium species and some species of Nocardia
Bind strongly to waxy material of the cell wall

A

Acid fast staining

41
Q

Carbol fushion(red dye) applied to fixed smear

A

Acid fast staining step 1

42
Q

After cooling & washing smear washed with alcohol decolorizer

  • Non acid fast lose stain
  • *Acid fast retain dye, more soluble in lipid cell wall than in acid alcohol
A

Acid fast staining step 2

43
Q

Counter stain methylene blue is used to stain non acid fast bacteria blue

A

Acid fast staining step 3

44
Q

Schaeffer-Fulton stain

  1. Heat fixed smear
  2. Primary stain Malachite green applied, heated (stain wall)
  3. Washed to remove excess
  4. Counter stain Safranin applied to stain other parts pink
A

Endospore special stains

45
Q

Determines microbes virulence
Gelatinous covering that is soluble in water.
India Ink or Nigrosin stains background dark
Safranin used to stain cells
Capsules look like Halos around stained cells

A

Capsule staining

46
Q

Mordant used to build diameter
When stained with Carbolfuchsin becomes visible under light microscope.
Number and location used in diagnosis

A

Flagella Staining

47
Q

4x

A

Scanning

48
Q

10x

A

Low power

49
Q

40-45x

A

High power

50
Q

90-100x

A

Oil immersion

51
Q

Ocular lens

A

10x

52
Q

Ocular lens x objective lens

A

Total magnification

53
Q

Any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimen

Are compound microscope

A

Light microscope

54
Q

Microscope remains in focus even objectives are changed

A

Parfocal

55
Q

Acid fast color

A

Red

56
Q

Non acid fast color

A

Blue

Microbiology (13 decks)

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