chapter 8

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

a set of processes in the brain allowing us to access information

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

getting information into memory in the first place

Question 3

storage

Answer 3

retaining memories for further use

Question 4

retrieval

Answer 4

recapturing memories when you need them

Question 5

information processing model

Answer 5

computer like input data, save files, open later

Question 6

Automatic processing

Answer 6

encoding of information with little conscious awareness of effort

Question 7

effortful processing

Answer 7

encoding of information through careful attention and conscious effort

Question 8

continuous reinforcement

Answer 8

behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

Question 9

Semantic codes

Answer 9

cognitive representation of information or an event
based on the meaning of the information

Question 10

Visual codes

Answer 10

cognitive representations of information or an event
based on the image

Question 11

Acoustic (phonological) codes

Answer 11

cognitive representations of
information or an event based on the sounds of words

Question 12

Self-reference effect

Answer 12

better memory for information that relates to
the self

Question 13

memory

Answer 13

a set of processes in the brain allowing us to access
information

Question 14

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Answer 14

suggests information moves
among three memory stores during encoding, storage, and retrieval; Is analogous to a compute

Question 15

central executive

Answer 15

supervisory role, monitors and coordinates the
WM system

Question 16

Phonological loop and visuospatial Sketchpad

Answer 16

processes spoken and written information (“little voice”) and keeps track of images and spatial locations (“inner eye”

Question 17

Episodic buffer

Answer 17

links information from the other parts of WM and
creates links to time and order and links to LTM

Question 18

parallel distributed processing theory

Answer 18

suggesting that information is represented in the brain pattern of activation across entire neural networks

Question 19

Episodic memory

Answer 19

events we have personally experienced

Question 20

Semantic memory

Answer 20

knowledge of words and concept

Question 21

Procedural memory

Answer 21

memory for how we do something

Question 22

Priming

Answer 22

exposure to a stimulus affects later behavior

Question 23

conditioning

Answer 23

knowledge of words and concepts

Question 24

Recall tasks

Answer 24

memory tasks in which people are asked to produce
information using no or few retrieval cues

Question 25

Recognition tasks

Answer 25

memory tasks in which people are asked to
identify whether or not they have seen a particular item before

Question 26

Relearning

Answer 26

learning information previously learne

Question 27

context dependant learning

Answer 27

the original location where you first learned a concept or idea, rich with retrieval cues that will make it more likely to recall that information later if you are in that same location or context

Question 28

state dependant learning

Answer 28

you remember things better when you are in the same state of mind you were in when you first learned it

Question 29

spatial memory

Answer 29

memory involving a location for specific information or an event

Question 30

amnesia or amnestic disorder

Answer 30

memory loss due to disease or trauma

Question 31

anterograde amnesia

Answer 31

ongoing inability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event

Question 32

retrograde amnesia

Answer 32

when you can’t recall memories from your past.

Question 33

forgetting

Answer 33

loss of information from LTM

Question 34

transience

Answer 34

fading of memories over time

Question 35

decay theory

Answer 35

suggesting that memories fade over time due to neglect or failure to access them over long periods

Question 36

misattribution

Answer 36

fail to record where the information originally came from

Question 37

suggestibility

Answer 37

when memory is affected by information from someone else

Question 38

bias

Answer 38

when your own feelings and views of the world can distort your memory
- egocentric
- hindsight

Question 39

persistence

Answer 39

involuntary recall of unwanted or unpleasant memories

Question 40

proactive interference

Answer 40

old information blocks the memory of new information

Question 41

retroactive interference

Answer 41

when new information causes someone to forget old information

Question 42

prospective memory

Answer 42

ability to remember content in the future

Question 43

retrospective memory

Answer 43

ability to remember content from the past

Question 44

neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 44

twisted protein fibers found within cells of the hippocampus and certain areas of the brain

Question 45

senile plaques

Answer 45

sphere-shaped deposits od a protein known as beta-amyloid that form in the spaces between cells in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and other areas of the brain

Question 46

Equipotential hypothesis

Answer 46

if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function

Question 47

arousal theory

Answer 47

strong emotions form strong memory and weak emotions form weak memory

Question 48

flashbulb memories

Answer 48

detailed and near-permanent memories of an emotionally significant event, or of the circumstances surrounding the moment we learned about the event

Question 49

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 49

connect new info to existing info

Question 50

production effect

Answer 50

say things out loud

Question 51

chunking

Answer 51

grouping bits of information to enhance the ability to hold that information in WM

Question 52

mnemonic devices

Answer 52

a memory technique to help your brain better encode and recall important information.