chapter 8 Flashcards
memory
a set of processes in the brain allowing us to access information
encoding
getting information into memory in the first place
storage
retaining memories for further use
retrieval
recapturing memories when you need them
information processing model
computer like input data, save files, open later
Automatic processing
encoding of information with little conscious awareness of effort
effortful processing
encoding of information through careful attention and conscious effort
continuous reinforcement
behavior is reinforced every time it occurs
Semantic codes
cognitive representation of information or an event
based on the meaning of the information
Visual codes
cognitive representations of information or an event
based on the image
Acoustic (phonological) codes
cognitive representations of
information or an event based on the sounds of words
Self-reference effect
better memory for information that relates to
the self
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
suggests information moves
among three memory stores during encoding, storage, and retrieval; Is analogous to a compute
central executive
supervisory role, monitors and coordinates the
WM system
Phonological loop and visuospatial Sketchpad
processes spoken and written information (“little voice”) and keeps track of images and spatial locations (“inner eye”
Episodic buffer
links information from the other parts of WM and
creates links to time and order and links to LTM
parallel distributed processing theory
suggesting that information is represented in the brain pattern of activation across entire neural networks
Episodic memory
events we have personally experienced
Semantic memory
knowledge of words and concept
Procedural memory
memory for how we do something
Priming
exposure to a stimulus affects later behavior
conditioning
knowledge of words and concepts
Recall tasks
memory tasks in which people are asked to produce
information using no or few retrieval cues
Recognition tasks
memory tasks in which people are asked to
identify whether or not they have seen a particular item before
Relearning
learning information previously learne
context dependant learning
the original location where you first learned a concept or idea, rich with retrieval cues that will make it more likely to recall that information later if you are in that same location or context
state dependant learning
you remember things better when you are in the same state of mind you were in when you first learned it
spatial memory
memory involving a location for specific information or an event
amnesia or amnestic disorder
memory loss due to disease or trauma
anterograde amnesia
ongoing inability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event
retrograde amnesia
when you can’t recall memories from your past.
forgetting
loss of information from LTM
transience
fading of memories over time
decay theory
suggesting that memories fade over time due to neglect or failure to access them over long periods
misattribution
fail to record where the information originally came from
suggestibility
when memory is affected by information from someone else
bias
when your own feelings and views of the world can distort your memory
- egocentric
- hindsight
persistence
involuntary recall of unwanted or unpleasant memories
proactive interference
old information blocks the memory of new information
retroactive interference
when new information causes someone to forget old information
prospective memory
ability to remember content in the future
retrospective memory
ability to remember content from the past
neurofibrillary tangles
twisted protein fibers found within cells of the hippocampus and certain areas of the brain
senile plaques
sphere-shaped deposits of a protein known as beta-amyloid that form in the spaces between cells in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and other areas of the brain
Equipotential hypothesis
if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function
arousal theory
strong emotions form strong memory and weak emotions form weak memory
flashbulb memories
detailed and near-permanent memories of an emotionally significant event, or of the circumstances surrounding the moment we learned about the event
elaborative rehearsal
connect new info to existing info
production effect
say things out loud
chunking
grouping bits of information to enhance the ability to hold that information in WM
mnemonic devices
a memory technique to help your brain better encode and recall important information.
