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psych 1000 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

falsifiability

A

the ability for a statement/theory to be shown to be false

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2
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

the fact that people will modify their behavior simply because they are being observed
(human and non-human)

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3
Q

Bandura’s famous bobo doll study

A

demonstrated that children are able to learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observational learning, through watching the behavior of another person.

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4
Q

opinion

A

personal judgment which may not be accurate

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5
Q

fact

A

observable reality

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6
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

start big with general ideas then move to specifics

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7
Q

The scientific method

A

stating the question, offering a theory and then constructing rigorous laboratory or field experiments to test the hypothesis

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8
Q

inductive reasoning

A

start small with specific and build up with big picture reasoning

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9
Q

Operationalized

A

developing precise definitions of variables in the study

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10
Q

Experimenter bias

A

the unintentional influence of the experimenter’s expectations, beliefs, or preconceived notions on the outcome of a study or research experiment.

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11
Q

single blind

A

A type of clinical trial in which only the researcher doing the study knows which treatment or intervention the participant is receiving until the trial is over.

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12
Q

Double blind

A

A type of clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows which treatment or intervention participants are receiving until the clinical trial is over.

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13
Q

Placebo effect

A

when a person’s physical or mental health appears to improve after taking a placebo or ‘dummy’ treatment

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14
Q

archival research

A

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

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15
Q

attrition

A

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

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16
Q

cause-and-effect relationship

A

changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

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17
Q

clinical or case study

A

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

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18
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

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19
Q

confounding variable

A

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables

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20
Q

control group

A

serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

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21
Q

correlation

A

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does

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22
Q

correlation coefficient

A

number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r

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23
Q

cross-sectional research

A

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

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24
Q

debriefing

A

when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion

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25
Q

deception

A

purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

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26
Q

deductive reasoning

A

results are predicted based on a general premise

27
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

28
Q

double-blind study

A

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

29
Q

empirical

A

grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

30
Q

experimental group

A

group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

31
Q

experimenter bias

A

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

32
Q

fact

A

objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research

33
Q

falsifiable

A

able to be disproven by experimental results

34
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

35
Q

generalize

A

inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population

36
Q

illusory correlation

A

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

37
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group

38
Q

inductive reasoning

A

conclusions are drawn from observations

39
Q

informed consent

A

process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person’s consent to participate

39
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants

40
Q

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

A

committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals

41
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event

42
Q

longitudinal research

A

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

43
Q

negative correlation

A

two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation

43
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observation of behaviour in its natural setting

44
Q

observer bias

A

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations

45
Q

opinion

A

personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate

45
Q

operational definition

A

description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

46
Q

participants

A

subjects of psychological research

47
Q

peer-reviewed journal article

A

article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication

48
Q

placebo effect

A

people’s expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

49
Q

random sample

A

subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

49
Q

positive correlation

A

two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

49
Q

population

A

overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

49
Q

random assignment

A

method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

50
Q

replicate

A

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliability

50
Q

reliability

A

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

51
Q

sample

A

subset of individuals selected from the larger population

52
Q

single-blind study

A

experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group

53
Q

statistical analysis

A

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

54
Q

survey

A

list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people

55
Q

validity

A

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

55
Q

theory

A

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

psych 1000 (8 decks)

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