chapter 7

Question 1

what is not considered a part of learning

Answer 1

reflexes and instincts

Question 2

learning

Answer 2

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Question 3

non-associative learning

Answer 3

learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli; a change resulting from experiences with a single sensory cue

Question 4

associative learning

Answer 4

a change as a result of experience where two or more stimuli become linked

Question 5

habituation

Answer 5

repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response

Question 6

Dishabituatation

Answer 6

full-strength recovery of the habituated response

Question 7

sensitization

Answer 7

a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of a weaker stimuli

Question 8

classical conditioning

Answer 8

same response to two different stimuli because one predicts the other

Question 9

operant conditioning

Answer 9

response based on what will follow

Question 10

observational learning

Answer 10

response based on observations or imitation of others

Question 11

who was interested in natural refelxs

Answer 11

Ivan Pavlov

Question 12

classical conditioning

Answer 12

two previously unrelated stimuli become associated and result in a learned response

Question 13

natural reflex

Answer 13

an automatic involuntary response that typically occurs without learning

Question 14

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 14

stimulus that causes the reflexive response

Question 15

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 15

the reflexive response

Question 16

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 16

a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as the US

Question 17

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 17

the response elicited by a conditioned stimulus is the same as the UR but has been learned

Question 18

Higher-order/second-order conditioning

Answer 18

when previous CS functions as if it were a US for further conditioning

Question 19

Acquisition

Answer 19

the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship

Question 20

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 20

a previously neutral stimulus elicits an aversive reaction after it’s paired with illness

Question 21

Extinction

Answer 21

reduction of a CR after repeated presentations of the CS alone

Question 22

spontaneous recovery

Answer 22

re-emergence of the CR sometimes as extinction has occurred

Question 23

Stimulus generalization

Answer 23

what happens when the stimuli similar to the original CS trigger the same CR

Question 24

stimulus discrimination

Answer 24

when we learn to discriminate between the CS and other similar stimuli

Question 25

phobias

Answer 25

extreme, irrational, persistent fears of specific objects or situations, many of which pose little to no danger

Question 26

Systematic desensitization

Answer 26

a process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual and repeated exposure to the feared object or situation

Question 27

Operant or instrumental conditioning

Answer 27

behavior is modified depending on its consequences

Question 28

law of effect

Answer 28

behaviors are selected by their consequences

Question 29

Reinforcer

Answer 29

an experience that produces an increase in a certain behavior

Question 30

positive reinforcement

Answer 30

presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behavior to increase the probability that the behavior will reoccur

Question 31

Negative reinforcement

Answer 31

removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behavior will reoccur

Question 32

punishment

Answer 32

an experience/consequence that produces a decrease in a certain behavior

Question 33

positive punishment

Answer 33

presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a behavior that decreases the probability that the behavior will reoccur

Question 34

negative punishment

Answer 34

removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of behavior to decrease the probability of the behavior reoccurring

Question 35

positive reinforcement

Answer 35

the act of rewarding a positive behavior to encourage it to happen again in the future

Question 36

positive punishment

Answer 36

you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior

Question 37

primary reinforcer

Answer 37

a stimulus that has survival value and is therefore rewarding

Question 38

secondary reinforcer

Answer 38

a neutral stimulus that becomes regarding when associated with a primary reinforcer

Question 39

primary punisher

Answer 39

a stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism

Question 40

secondary punisher

Answer 40

neutral stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a primary punisher

Question 41

shaping

Answer 41

introducing behavior by reinforcing close approximations of the desired behavior

Question 42

behavior modification

Answer 42

a systematic approach to changing behavior using the principle of operant conditioning

Question 43

learned helplessness

Answer 43

a situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produced a failure to make escape attempts

Question 44

Implicit learning

Answer 44

refers to the acquisition of information without awareness

Question 45

insight learning

Answer 45

a sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts

Question 46

latent learning

Answer 46

occurs without reinforcement and is not used until called for

Question 47

spatial navigation learning

Answer 47

a form of shaping, it's learning that involves forming associations among stimuli relevant to navigating in space

Question 48

observational learning

Answer 48

learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behavior of others

Question 49

modeling

Answer 49

what occurs when an observer learns from the behavior of another

Question 50

mirror neurons

Answer 50

neurons fire when an animal or human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action

Question 51

Bandura identified three kinds of models

Answer 51

live, verbal, and symbolic demonstration

Question 52

live model

Answer 52

in-person demonstration

Question 53

verbal model

Answer 53

instructions

Question 54

symbolic demonstration

Answer 54

not in person

Question 55

Cognitions role in observational learning

Answer 55

Attention, retention, production, and motivation