chapter 7 Flashcards
what is not considered a part of learning
reflexes and instincts
learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
non-associative learning
learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli; a change resulting from experiences with a single sensory cue
associative learning
a change as a result of experience where two or more stimuli become linked
habituation
repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response
Dishabituatation
full-strength recovery of the habituated response
sensitization
a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of a weaker stimuli
classical conditioning
same response to two different stimuli because one predicts the other
operant conditioning
response based on what will follow
observational learning
response based on observations or imitation of others
who was interested in natural refelxs
Ivan Pavlov
classical conditioning
two previously unrelated stimuli become associated and result in a learned response
natural reflex
an automatic involuntary response that typically occurs without learning
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
stimulus that causes the reflexive response
Unconditioned response (UR)
the reflexive response
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as the US
Conditioned response (CR)
the response elicited by a conditioned stimulus is the same as the UR but has been learned
Higher-order/second-order conditioning
when previous CS functions as if it were a US for further conditioning
Acquisition
the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship
Conditioned taste aversion
a previously neutral stimulus elicits an aversive reaction after it’s paired with illness
Extinction
reduction of a CR after repeated presentations of the CS alone
spontaneous recovery
re-emergence of the CR sometimes as extinction has occurred
Stimulus generalization
what happens when the stimuli similar to the original CS trigger the same CR
stimulus discrimination
when we learn to discriminate between the CS and other similar stimuli
phobias
extreme, irrational, persistent fears of specific objects or situations, many of which pose little to no danger
Systematic desensitization
a process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual and repeated exposure to the feared object or situation
Operant or instrumental conditioning
behavior is modified depending on its consequences
law of effect
behaviors are selected by their consequences
Reinforcer
an experience that produces an increase in a certain behavior
positive reinforcement
presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behavior to increase the probability that the behavior will reoccur
Negative reinforcement
removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behavior will reoccur
punishment
an experience/consequence that produces a decrease in a certain behavior
positive punishment
presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a behavior that decreases the probability that the behavior will reoccur
negative punishment
removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of behavior to decrease the probability of the behavior reoccurring
positive reinforcement
the act of rewarding a positive behavior to encourage it to happen again in the future
positive punishment
you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior
primary reinforcer
a stimulus that has survival value and is therefore rewarding
secondary reinforcer
a neutral stimulus that becomes regarding when associated with a primary reinforcer
primary punisher
a stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism
secondary punisher
neutral stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a primary punisher
shaping
introducing behavior by reinforcing close approximations of the desired behavior
behavior modification
a systematic approach to changing behavior using the principle of operant conditioning
learned helplessness
a situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produced a failure to make escape attempts
Implicit learning
refers to the acquisition of information without awareness
insight learning
a sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts
latent learning
occurs without reinforcement and is not used until called for
spatial navigation learning
a form of shaping, it’s learning that involves forming associations among stimuli relevant to navigating in space
observational learning
learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behavior of others
modeling
what occurs when an observer learns from the behavior of another
mirror neurons
neurons fire when an animal or human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action
Bandura identified three kinds of models
live, verbal, and symbolic demonstration
live model
in-person demonstration
verbal model
instructions
symbolic demonstration
not in person
Cognitions role in observational learning
Attention, retention, production, and motivation
