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psych 1000 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is not considered a part of learning

A

reflexes and instincts

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2
Q

learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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3
Q

non-associative learning

A

learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli; a change resulting from experiences with a single sensory cue

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4
Q

associative learning

A

a change as a result of experience where two or more stimuli become linked

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5
Q

habituation

A

repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response

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6
Q

Dishabituatation

A

full-strength recovery of the habituated response

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7
Q

sensitization

A

a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of a weaker stimuli

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8
Q

classical conditioning

A

same response to two different stimuli because one predicts the other

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9
Q

operant conditioning

A

response based on what will follow

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10
Q

observational learning

A

response based on observations or imitation of others

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11
Q

who was interested in natural refelxs

A

Ivan Pavlov

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12
Q

classical conditioning

A

two previously unrelated stimuli become associated and result in a learned response

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13
Q

natural reflex

A

an automatic involuntary response that typically occurs without learning

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14
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

stimulus that causes the reflexive response

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15
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

the reflexive response

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16
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as the US

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17
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

the response elicited by a conditioned stimulus is the same as the UR but has been learned

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18
Q

Higher-order/second-order conditioning

A

when previous CS functions as if it were a US for further conditioning

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19
Q

Acquisition

A

the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship

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20
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

a previously neutral stimulus elicits an aversive reaction after it’s paired with illness

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21
Q

Extinction

A

reduction of a CR after repeated presentations of the CS alone

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22
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

re-emergence of the CR sometimes as extinction has occurred

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23
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

what happens when the stimuli similar to the original CS trigger the same CR

24
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

when we learn to discriminate between the CS and other similar stimuli

25
Q

phobias

A

extreme, irrational, persistent fears of specific objects or situations, many of which pose little to no danger

26
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

a process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual and repeated exposure to the feared object or situation

27
Q

Operant or instrumental conditioning

A

behavior is modified depending on its consequences

28
Q

law of effect

A

behaviors are selected by their consequences

29
Q

Reinforcer

A

an experience that produces an increase in a certain behavior

30
Q

positive reinforcement

A

presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behavior to increase the probability that the behavior will reoccur

31
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behavior will reoccur

32
Q

punishment

A

an experience/consequence that produces a decrease in a certain behavior

33
Q

positive punishment

A

presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a behavior that decreases the probability that the behavior will reoccur

34
Q

negative punishment

A

removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of behavior to decrease the probability of the behavior reoccurring

35
Q

positive reinforcement

A

the act of rewarding a positive behavior to encourage it to happen again in the future

36
Q

positive punishment

A

you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior

37
Q

primary reinforcer

A

a stimulus that has survival value and is therefore rewarding

38
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

a neutral stimulus that becomes regarding when associated with a primary reinforcer

39
Q

primary punisher

A

a stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism

40
Q

secondary punisher

A

neutral stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a primary punisher

41
Q

shaping

A

introducing behavior by reinforcing close approximations of the desired behavior

42
Q

behavior modification

A

a systematic approach to changing behavior using the principle of operant conditioning

43
Q

learned helplessness

A

a situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produced a failure to make escape attempts

44
Q

Implicit learning

A

refers to the acquisition of information without awareness

45
Q

insight learning

A

a sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts

46
Q

latent learning

A

occurs without reinforcement and is not used until called for

47
Q

spatial navigation learning

A

a form of shaping, it’s learning that involves forming associations among stimuli relevant to navigating in space

48
Q

observational learning

A

learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behavior of others

49
Q

modeling

A

what occurs when an observer learns from the behavior of another

50
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons fire when an animal or human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action

51
Q

Bandura identified three kinds of models

A

live, verbal, and symbolic demonstration

52
Q

live model

A

in-person demonstration

53
Q

verbal model

A

instructions

54
Q

symbolic demonstration

A

not in person

55
Q

Cognitions role in observational learning

A

Attention, retention, production, and motivation

psych 1000 (8 decks)

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