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chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

the three levels of analysis

A
  1. The brain; neuronal activity, brain structures, and genes
  2. The individual; emotions, thoughts, ideas, consciousness, personality, and motivation
  3. The group; friends, family, and culture
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2
Q

Empirical examination

A

Empirical evidence or study relies on practical experience rather than theories

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3
Q

science as a knowledge

A
  1. Scientific knowledge is in perpetual evolution; it finds itself changed from one day to the next (Jean Piaget)
  2. Gives humans an understanding of how things work in the universe via the use of scientific methods
  3. Other fields of study can provide complementary perspectives; not mutually exclusive with any scientific explanation
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4
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

believed that understanding the unconscious mind was absolutely critical to understanding conscious behavior.

neurologist: interested in hysteria; emotional disturbances without a physical cause. Psychological and physical problems can stem from the unconscious mind; dream analysis Psychonanltic theory: focuses on a person’s unconscious and early childhood experiences

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5
Q

Gestalt (Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler)

A

takes a holistic view of an individual and his experiences.

Credited with introducing America to the Gestalt principles
Gestalt = whole; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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6
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

studied conditioned reflexes via salvation in dogs - classical conditioning

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7
Q

John Watson

A

shifted focus from internal to external explanations for behaviour - behaviourism; objective tests of overt behaviour (the father of behaviourism)

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8
Q

B.F Skinner

A

contributes to our understanding of principles of operant conditioning cannot be underestimated

the consequence is the driving force of behavior - instrumental or operant conditioning; how the negative and positive consequences reflect on behavior

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9
Q

Humanism

A

perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Emphasis on the potential for good in all humans; life skills coaching

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10
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

influential in shaping humanistic psychology, he believed our behaviors are impacted by our motivations to survive and by other higher-level factors - the hierarchy of needs

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11
Q

Carl Rodgers

A

influential in shaping humanistic psychology, he developed client-centered therapy; focused on unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy

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12
Q

The Cognitive Revolution

A

The mind backlash on behaviorism

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13
Q

Ulric Neisser

A

credited as the father of cognitive psychology and coined the term cognitive psychology

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14
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

a linguist who believed the sole focus on behavior was short-sighted

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15
Q

Multicultural and cross-cultural

A

Culture permeates everything we do - yet it is an understudied topic

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16
Q

Dr.Francis Sumner

A

first African American in the United States to receive a PhD in psychology, his work challenged intelligence testing

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17
Q

Dr.George Sanchez

A

identified barriers posted to Mexican American children

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18
Q

Dr. Mamie Clark and Dr.Kenneth Clark

A

research on doll preference and challenged segregated education (study with racism)

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19
Q

Margaret floy washburn

A

first woman awarded a doctoral degree in psychology - focusing on animal behavior
(“The Animal Mind”: textbook)

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20
Q

Mary Whitten Calkin

A

earned a PhD from Harvard but was never awarded it, her work focused on memory

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21
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A

demonstrated fear conditioning and fear removal in humans

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22
Q

Martha Bernal

A

first Latinx person to earn a PhD, her research was with Mexican American children

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23
Q

Contemporary Psychology

A

Our perception of sensory stimuli impacts our experiences
- Diverse feilds/subfields
- American Psychological Association - 54 divisions

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24
Q

How biology influences behavior
(physiological mechanisms/development)

A
  • Sleep, drug use/abuse neural plasticity
  • Proximate causes of behavior
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25
Q

How biology influences behavior
(evolution/function)

A
  • Darwin’s natural selection; the variations that are advantageous to survival are called adaptive variations or adaptions
  • Ultimate causes of behavior
  • Caveat: Today’s behaviors are a product of yesterday’s environment
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26
Q

Biopsychology & Evolutionary Psychology

A

How biology influences behavior
- (physiological mechanisms/development)
- (evolution/function)

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27
Q

Biopsychology

A

study of animal behavior & neuroscience

28
Q

Sensation and Perception

A

our perception of sensory stimuli and how they impact our experiences; interdisciplinary subject

29
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions

  • Focuses on mental processes
  • Very broad in scope - cognitive sciences
  • Problem-solving, language, development, and therapy
30
Q

Development psychology

A
  • Processes-related changes across the lifespan
  • Jean piagets “object permanence”
31
Q

Social psychology

A

How we interact with and relate to eachother; Milgram, Zimbardo, Asch

32
Q

Industrial-organizational psychology

A
  • Applied branch of psychology
  • Using theory in workspaces
  • Personnel management, organizational structure, and hiring decisions
33
Q

Health psychology

A
  • Biopsychosocial model; health is impacted by an interaction of multiple variables
  • Public policy, education, and interventions
34
Q

Sports & exercise psychology

A

Psychological aspects of sports performance; anxiety , managing physical and emotional wellbeing

35
Q

Clinical psychology

A

area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior; Most widely known and popularized through media

36
Q

Forensic psychology

A

area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology issues within and related to the justice system

Within the context of the justice system; Competency to stand trial, eye witness testimonies, and children testimonies

37
Q

adaption

A

a trait of an organism that has a function for the survival and reproduction of the individual

38
Q

American Psychological Association (APA)

A

professional organization representing psychologists in the United States

39
Q

behaviorism

A

focuses on observing and controlling behavior

40
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual’s health

41
Q

biopsychology

A

study of how biology influences behavior

42
Q

counseling psychology

A

area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals

43
Q

developmental psychology

A

scientific study of development across a lifespan

44
Q

dissertation

A

long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate’s doctoral training

45
Q

empirical method

A

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

46
Q

functionalism

A

focused on how mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment

47
Q

introspection

A

process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts

48
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which differences in the characteristics of an organism arise leading to better adaption to their environment

49
Q

ology

A

suffix that denotes “the scientific study of”

50
Q

personality psychology

A

study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique; steady over one’s lifespan

51
Q

personality trait

A

the consistent pattern of thought and behavior

52
Q

PhD

A

doctorial degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and science (doctor of philosophy)

53
Q

postdoctoral training program

A

allows programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in their field

54
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

55
Q

psychology

A

scientific study of the mind and behavior

56
Q

PsyD

A

a doctorial degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on the application of psychological principles in the clinical context (doctor of psychology)

57
Q

sport and exercise psychology

A

area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performances in sports exercise and other activities

58
Q

structuralism

A

understanding the conscious experience through introspection

59
Q

Introspection

A

objective self-reflection/inspection of one’s thoughts
(Wundt and James)

60
Q

Wundt and James

A

helped create psychology as a distinct scientific discipline. Created and established the first psychology laboratory in 1879.

One’s conscious experience; voluntarism
(free will to participate; ethics)

61
Q

Wundt

A

he was a structuralist and believed that our cognitive experience was best understood by breaking that experience into its component parts. best accomplished by introspection

62
Q

Student Edward Titchner

A

Wundt and James student who studied structuralism
(contents/structure of mental process)
(components of the mind)

63
Q

William James

A

the first American psychologist. he was a proponent of functionalism. focused on how mental activities served as adaptive responses to an organism’s environment.

64
Q

sensation and perception

A

refer to the area of psychology that focuses on how information from our sensory modalities is received and how this information is transformed into our perceptual experiences of the world around us.

65
Q

industrial and organizational psychologists

A

apply psychological concepts to industrial and organizational settings.

66
Q

Darwin’s natural selection

A

the variations that are advantage to survival are called adaptive variations or adaptations

psych 1000 (8 decks)

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