chapter 4 Flashcards

Question

Psychosocial theory

Answer 1

Erik Erikson - Development is driven by social forces - Interactions with others affect ego identity (sense of self) - Occurs through to adulthood - conflict/task in stages drives development via mastery

Answer 2

0 -1 years of age Trust (needs met) vs mistrust (inconsistent)

Answer 3

1 - 3 years of age Autonomy (exercising skills) vs shame/doubt (can i do this? dependency)

Answer 4

3 - 6 years of age Initiative (mastering skills, responsible) vs guilt (lack of control)

Answer 5

7 - 11 years of age Industry (Competency) vs inferiority (incompetency)

Answer 6

12 - 18 years of age Identity (who am i?) vs role confusion (where do i fit in?)

Answer 7

19 - 29 years of age Intimacy (relationships) vs isolation (loneliness)

Answer 8

30 - 64 years of age Generativity (next gen) vs self-absorption (stagnation)

Answer 9

65+ years of age Integrity (accomplishment) vs despair (regret?)

Answer 10

Jean Piget - changes in thinking that occur over time in a stage-like fashion -Developed a theory of how children acquire knowledge

Answer 11

All people have a mental framework for understanding and thinking about the world - schema (mental models) Our schemes change with new information

Answer 12

a mental framework that helps individuals organize, process, and store information about their environment.

Answer 13

- what children learn and understand depends heavily on what they already know - include the new information into the existing schema

Answer 14

- cannot include it because it's too different from existing scheme, so we alter the schema or create a new one - kids reach a point where their current theory seems to be wrong so they change it.

Answer 15

engaging in assimilation and accommodation we achieve balance

Answer 16

- Sensorimotor stage (0 - 2 years old): think about what they can sense - Early learning based on reflexes which contribute to early schemas - Major cognitive milestone is object permanence ( 5 - 8 months)

Answer 17

- Objects continue to exist even when out of sight (separation anxiety and stranger anxiety) - Mental representations are now being formed - New schemas encompass ideas and representations

Answer 18

- Preoperational stage (2 - 6 years old): begin to develop ideas of objects i the external world and the ability to work with them in their mind (symbolic representation) - Limitations: Egocentrism, Irreversibility, Lack of conservation, and Confusion between appearance and reality.

Answer 19

flaws in reason due to lack of perspective taking Three mountain task

Answer 20

relations can occur in both directions

Answer 21

something can be the same despite a change in appearance

Answer 22

- Concrete operation stage ( around 7 - 11 years old): able to talk about complex relationships, categorization, cause and effect, but limits to the real world - Operations: ability to hold an idea in mind and manipulate it mentally - Difficulty with abstract ideas and hypotheticals

Answer 23

- Formal operation stage (around 11 - 12 years old): achieve hypothetical deductive reasoning and think abstractly - Can systematically test variables - Evaluate logic statements

Answer 24

Lev Vygotsky - Development is rooted in culture and language - Constructive interactions with parents, older children, teachers, and siblings help development and thinking - Scaffolding and zone of proximal development More of a continuous view of development

Answer 25

Kohlberg - Distinguish right from wrong - Posed moral dilemmas - mostly on middle class, white men - Based on explanation, people were placed into stages - Carol Gilligan expanded perspectives using broader samples

Answer 26

- Study typical childhood prosocial behaviors (Helping, soothing, sharing) - Instrumental helping, comforting, and indirect helping behaviors (2 yr olds showed more prosocial behaviors than 16 and 19 month olds)

Answer 27

- Prenatal, infant, child, adolescent and adult - Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial

Answer 28

- Occurs in early life, these years are of paramount importance - For the individual and society

Answer 29

ovulation to implantation (0 - 2 weeks) 1. Egg leaves the ovary 2. Fertilized in fallopian tube - now its a zygote 3. Makes its way to the uterus for implantation and growth - now it's a blastocyst

Answer 30

- The development of all major organs in the body Ectoderm (neural tube, brain, nervous system), mesoderm (muscles and skeletal structure), endoderm (organs) - Most vulnerable - High rates of a miscarry during this stage!

Answer 31

9 - 40 weeks of rapid growth - Immature organ system and structure grow and develop 16 weeks (fingers and toes) 24 weeks (hearing - age of viability) Massive brain development in the last three months (Doubles between 18 - 28 weeks)

Answer 32

assigned female at birth

Answer 33

assigned male at birth

Answer 34

any substance that causes damage during the prenatal period

Answer 35

When genetic sex and gonadal sex don't match, or are ambiguous

Answer 36

programmed reactions to certain cues without conscious thought

Answer 37

parts closer to the center of the body grow and develop sooner

Answer 38

from head to foot

Answer 39

the ability to control body movements; develop in a orderly sequence

Answer 40

the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production

Answer 41

found object performance at 3 months

Answer 42

awareness of one's mental states and understanding the mental states of others

Answer 43

theory of mind