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chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Development psychology

A

the study of changes in behavior and mental processes over time and the factors that influence the course of those constancies and change.

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2
Q

Three broad developmental domains (Development psychology)

A
  1. physical: changes in body, brain, skills, ect
  2. Cognitive: learning, attention, memory, language, ect
  3. Psychosocial: emotions, personality, relationships, ect
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3
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing behavior in its natural context

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4
Q

Case study

A

in-depth data from one individual

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5
Q

Surveys

A

self-reports on thoughts, experiences or beliefs

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6
Q

Experiments

A

control of IV examining its impact on DV

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7
Q

Cross sectional design

A

Recruits people of different ages to collect data on the same outcome

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8
Q

Longitude design

A

Recruits the same people at different points in time

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9
Q

Universal

A

the unfolding of development in a particular sequence and time frame

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10
Q

Variable

A

the unfolding of development is different for different people

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11
Q

Discontinuous (stage-like) development
stages (Sigmond Freud)

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

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12
Q

Longitudinal sequential

A

Recruits people of different ages and follows those same people at different points in time

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13
Q

cognitive development

A

changes in thinking that occur over time in a stage-like fashion

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14
Q

Three broad developmental domains
(Longitudinal sequential)

A
  1. physical: changes in the busy, brain, skills, ect
  2. Cognitive: learning, attentions, memory, language, ect
  3. Psychosocial: emotions, personality, relationships, ect
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15
Q

What is normal/typical development?

A

Developmental milestones (crawling, walking, talking) and Impact of culture (formal schooling vs puberty)

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16
Q

Is change gradual or abrupt?

A

Continuous vs discontinuous

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17
Q

Does it go that way for everyone ?

A

Universal vs variable

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18
Q

What roles do genetics and environment play?

A

Nature vs nurture

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19
Q

Universal

A

the unfolding of development in a particular sequence and time frame

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20
Q

Variable

A

the unfolding of development is different for different people

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21
Q

Nature

A

genetics

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22
Q

Nurture

A

environment

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23
Q

Epigenetics

A

how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

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24
Q

Psychosexual theory

A

Sigmund Freud
- Personality develops and is shaped by early childhood experiences
- Children are pleasure-seeking
- Discontinuous (stage-like) development

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25
Q

Psychosocial theory

A

Erik Erikson
- Development is driven by social forces
- Interactions with others affect ego identity
(sense of self)
- Occurs through to adulthood
- conflict/task in stages drives development via mastery

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26
Q

Stage 1 (psychosocial theory)

A

0 -1 years of age
Trust (needs met) vs mistrust (inconsistent)

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27
Q

Stage 2 (psychosocial theory)

A

1 - 3 years of age
Autonomy (exercising skills) vs shame/doubt (can i do this? dependency)

28
Q

Stage 3 (psychosocial theory)

A

3 - 6 years of age
Initiative (mastering skills, responsible) vs guilt (lack of control)

29
Q

Stage 4 (psychosocial theory)

A

7 - 11 years of age
Industry (Competency) vs inferiority (incompetency)

30
Q

Stage 5 (psychosocial theory)

A

12 - 18 years of age
Identity (who am i?) vs role confusion (where do i fit in?)

31
Q

Stage 6 (psychosocial theory)

A

19 - 29 years of age
Intimacy (relationships) vs isolation (loneliness)

32
Q

Stage 7 (psychosocial theory)

A

30 - 64 years of age
Generativity (next gen) vs self-absorption (stagnation)

33
Q

Stage 8 (psychosocial theory)

A

65+ years of age
Integrity (accomplishment) vs despair (regret?)

34
Q

Cognitive development

A

Jean Piget
- changes in thinking that occur over time in a stage-like fashion
-Developed a theory of how children acquire knowledge

35
Q

Cognitive development - piaget theory

A

All people have a mental framework for understanding and thinking about the world - schema (mental models)
Our schemes change with new information

36
Q

schema

A

a mental framework that helps individuals organize, process, and store information about their environment.

37
Q

Assimilation - Cognitive development

A
  • what children learn and understand depends heavily on what they already know
  • include the new information into the existing schema
38
Q

Accommodation - Cognitive development

A
  • cannot include it because it’s too different from existing scheme, so we alter the schema or create a new one
  • kids reach a point where their current theory seems to be wrong so they change it.
39
Q

Equilibrium - Cognitive development

A

engaging in assimilation and accommodation we achieve balance

40
Q

Cognitive development - stage 1

A
  • Sensorimotor stage (0 - 2 years old): think about what they can sense
  • Early learning based on reflexes which contribute to early schemas
  • Major cognitive milestone is object permanence ( 5 - 8 months)
41
Q

object permanence

A
  • Objects continue to exist even when out of sight (separation anxiety and stranger anxiety)
  • Mental representations are now being formed
  • New schemas encompass ideas and representations
42
Q

Cognitive development - stage 2

A
  • Preoperational stage (2 - 6 years old): begin to develop ideas of objects i the external world and the ability to work with them in their mind (symbolic representation)
  • Limitations: Egocentrism, Irreversibility, Lack of conservation, and Confusion between appearance and reality.
43
Q

Egocentrism - cognitive development

A

flaws in reason due to lack of perspective taking
Three mountain task

44
Q

Irreversibility - cognitive development

A

relations can occur in both directions

45
Q

Lack of conservation - cognitive development

A

something can be the same despite a change in appearance

46
Q

Cognitive development - stage 3

A
  • Concrete operation stage ( around 7 - 11 years old): able to talk about complex relationships, categorization, cause and effect, but limits to the real world
  • Operations: ability to hold an idea in mind and manipulate it mentally
  • Difficulty with abstract ideas and hypotheticals
47
Q

Cognitive development - stage 4

A
  • Formal operation stage (around 11 - 12 years old): achieve hypothetical deductive reasoning and think abstractly
  • Can systematically test variables
  • Evaluate logic statements
48
Q

Sociocultural theory

A

Lev Vygotsky
- Development is rooted in culture and language
- Constructive interactions with parents, older children, teachers, and siblings help development and thinking
- Scaffolding and zone of proximal development
More of a continuous view of development

49
Q

Moral theory

A

Kohlberg
- Distinguish right from wrong
- Posed moral dilemmas - mostly on middle class, white men
- Based on explanation, people were placed into stages
- Carol Gilligan expanded perspectives using broader samples

50
Q

Alternative approaches - moral theory

A
  • Study typical childhood prosocial behaviors
    (Helping, soothing, sharing)
  • Instrumental helping, comforting, and indirect helping behaviors
    (2 yr olds showed more prosocial behaviors than 16 and 19 month olds)
51
Q

From birth to fully grown human results in massive change

A
  • Prenatal, infant, child, adolescent and adult
  • Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial
52
Q

Foundations of brain structure

A
  • Occurs in early life, these years are of paramount importance
  • For the individual and society
53
Q

Prenatal development - Germinal period

A

ovulation to implantation (0 - 2 weeks)
1. Egg leaves the ovary
2. Fertilized in fallopian tube - now its a zygote
3. Makes its way to the uterus for implantation and growth - now it’s a blastocyst

54
Q

Prenatal development - Embryonic stage

A
  • The development of all major organs in the body
    Ectoderm (neural tube, brain, nervous system), mesoderm (muscles and skeletal structure), endoderm (organs)
  • Most vulnerable
  • High rates of a miscarry during this stage!
55
Q

Prenatal development - Fetal stage

A

9 - 40 weeks of rapid growth
- Immature organ system and structure grow and develop
16 weeks (fingers and toes)
24 weeks (hearing - age of viability)
Massive brain development in the last three months
(Doubles between 18 - 28 weeks)

56
Q

AFAB

A

assigned female at birth

57
Q

AMAB

A

assigned male at birth

58
Q

Teratogens

A

any substance that causes damage during the prenatal period

59
Q

Intersex

A

When genetic sex and gonadal sex don’t match, or are ambiguous

60
Q

Infancy through childhood - reflexes

A

programmed reactions to certain cues without conscious thought

61
Q

Proximodistal - infancy physical development

A

parts closer to the center of the body grow and develop sooner

62
Q

Cephalocaudal - infancy physical development

A

from head to foot

63
Q

Motor skills

A

the ability to control body movements; develop in a orderly sequence

64
Q

propagation

A

the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production

65
Q

Baillargeon - cognitive growth

A

found object performance at 3 months

66
Q

Ecocentrism, (TOM), and false beliefs

A

awareness of one’s mental states and understanding the mental states of others

67
Q

TOM

A

theory of mind

psych 1000 (8 decks)

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