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psych 1000 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

action potential

A

electrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon

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2
Q

agonist

A

drug that mimics or strengthens the reacts of a near transmitter

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3
Q

all-or-none

A

phenomenon that incoming signal from another neurone is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation

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4
Q

amygdala

A

structure in limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and trying motional meaning to our memories

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5
Q

antagonist

A

drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter

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6
Q

auditory cortex

A

strip of Corte in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information

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7
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls our internal system

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8
Q

axon

A

major extension of the soma

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9
Q

biological perspective

A

view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems

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10
Q

broca’s area

A

region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production

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11
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

cerebellum

A

hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A

surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities

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14
Q

computerized tomography (CT) scan

A

imaging technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area

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15
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick band of neural fibres connecting the brains two hemispheres

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16
Q

degradation

A

the process by which an enzyme breaks neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft down into their components so they can no longer interact with the receptors on the posy synaptic neurone

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17
Q

dendrite

A

branch like extensions of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neuron’s

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18
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

recording that electrical activity of the brain via electrodes of the scalp

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19
Q

fight or flight response

A

activation of the sympathetic diction of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity is that we might fight iff a given threat or run away to safety

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20
Q

forebrain

A

largest part of the brain, contains the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structures

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21
Q

frontal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, motion, and language; contains motor cortex

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22
Q

glial cell

A

nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurone, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport

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23
Q

gyrus (plural: gyri)

A

bump or ridge in the cerebral cortex

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24
Q

hemisphere

A

left or right half of the brain

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25
Q

hindbrain

A

division of the brain containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

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26
Q

hippocampus

A

structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory

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27
Q

homeostasis

A

state of equilibrium - biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained as optimal levels

28
Q

hypothalamus

A

forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behaviour and a number of homeostatic processes; serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system

29
Q

lateralization

A

concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions

30
Q

limbic system

A

collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory

31
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

deep grove in the brains cortex

32
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

magnetic fields used to produce a picture of tissue being imaged

33
Q

medulla

A

hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate

34
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in charge across the neuronal membrane

35
Q

midbrain

A

division of the brain located between the forebrain and the hindbrain; contains the reticular formation

36
Q

motor cortex

A

strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement

37
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty substance that insulates axons

38
Q

neuron

A

cels in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system

39
Q

neuroplasticity

A

nervous systems ability to change

40
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

open spaces that are found in the myelin sheath that encases the axon

41
Q

occipital lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortex

42
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

associated with routine, day to day operations of the body

43
Q

parietal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortex

44
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs, and senses in the periphery of the body

45
Q

pituitary gland

A

secret a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system

46
Q

pons

A

hindbrain structure that connects the brain and spina cord; involved in regulating the brain activity during sleep

47
Q

position emission tomography (PET) scan

A

involves injecting individuals with a widely radioactive substance and monitoring changes in blood flow to different regions of the brain

48
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

area in the frontal lobe responsible for higher level cognitive functioning

49
Q

psychotropic medication

A

drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring the neurotransmitter balance

50
Q

receptor

A

protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach

51
Q

resting potential

A

the state of readiness of a neutron membranes potential between signals

52
Q

reticular formation

A

midbrain structure important in regulating sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity

53
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neurone that released it

54
Q

semipermeable membrane

A

cell membrane that allows smaller molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping anger or highly charged molecules

55
Q

soma

A

cell body

56
Q

somatic nervous system

A

relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS

57
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain

58
Q

substantia nigra

A

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; involved control of movement

59
Q

sulcus (plural: sulci)

A

depressions or grooves in the cerebral cortex

60
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

involved in stress related activities and functions

61
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small gap between two neutrons where communication occurs

62
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

storage site for neurotransmitters

63
Q

temporal lobe

A

pert of the cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortex

64
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay for the brain

65
Q

threshed of excitation

A

level of charge in the membrane that causes the neurone to become active

66
Q

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced: associated with mood, reward, and addiction

67
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

important for speech comprehension

psych 1000 (8 decks)

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