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psych 1000 > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

consciousness

A

our immediate awareness of our internal and external states

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2
Q

select attention

A

select specific stimuli while ignoring others

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3
Q

Biological rhythms

A

internal rhythms of biological activity

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4
Q

Circadian rhythm (biological clock)

A

pattern of sleep-wake cycles that in humans roughly correspond to a period of day and night

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5
Q

sleep regulation

A

brain’s ability to switch between sleep and wakefulness in response to the external environment

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6
Q

Circadian rhythm sleep disorder

A

excessive sleepiness or insomnia due to a mismatch between their sleep cycle and that of others in their environment

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7
Q

Sleep rebound

A

we fall asleep quickly if we’re sleep-deprived

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8
Q

Restorative Theory of Sleep

A

holds that sleep restores our brains
and bodies

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9
Q

Adaptive Theory of Sleep

A

the theory that organisms sleep for the
purpose of self-preservation, to keep away from the predator

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10
Q

REM (rapid eye movement)

A

darting eye movements under lids
and active brain waves

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11
Q

Non-REM

A

variation in brain waves identifying 4 phases ranging in wakefulness

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12
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A

deep sleep and relaxed, but considerable brain
activity

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13
Q

manifest content

A

what you are able to recall - actual event

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14
Q

latent content

A

unconscious elements - symbolic meaning

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15
Q

Lucid dreams

A

when the sleeper knows they are dreaming and can actively guide the outcomes

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16
Q

Daydreams

A

fantasies that occur while one is awake and aware of external reality but is not fully conscious

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17
Q

Nightmares

A

dreams filled with intense anxiety, helplessness, powerlessness, danger

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18
Q

insomnia

A

an inability to fall or stay asleep often triggered by; stress, drug use, exercise, bedtime routine

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19
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors

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20
Q

parasomnia

A

a group of sleep disorders
- disruptive motor activity in REM or Non-REM
- sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, night terrors

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21
Q

sleepwalking (somnambulism)

A

most often takes place during the first 3hr of sleep. occurs in 5% of children; appears to be inherited

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22
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A

muscle paralysis during REM seizes to occur
- a lot of motor activity (posing a risk)
related to Parkinsons’ disease - now act as a diagnostic indicator

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23
Q

restless leg syndrome

A

discomfort in the legs during inactivity or sleep
- associated with kidney disease and diabetes

24
Q

night terrors

A

related to sleepwalking; people suddenly awake in fear and agitated (screaming).
- increased heart rate and breathing
occurs in stages 3 & 4 - no memory

25
sleep apnea
repeatedly ceasing to breathe during the night, depriving the brain of oxygen and frequent awakenings. - brain fails to send a breath signal, throat muscles become too relaxed, can lead to cardiac arrest - contributes to cardiovascular disease - two types obstructive (airway gets blocked) and central (disrupted signal from the brain)
26
narcolepsy
marled by an uncontrollable urge to fall asleep. may suddenly fall into REM and awake feeling refreshed - some experience loss of muscle tone (cataplexy), and vivid dream-like hallucinations, which appear to be inherited - treat with psychomotor stimulants
27
addiction
psychological or physical comlpulsion to take a drug, resulting from regular ingestion and leading to maladaptive pattern of behavior and changes in physical response
28
physical dependence
changes in bodily function
29
psychological dependence
an emotional need
30
tolerance
mark of physical dependence on a drug, in which the person is required to take incrementally larger doses of the drug to achieve the same effect
31
withdrawal symptoms
unpleasant and sometimes dangerous side effects of reducing intake of a drug after a person has become addicted
32
psychoactive drug
chemicals that affect awareness, behavior, sensation, perception, or mood
33
depressants
- a drug that tends to suppress the CNS - Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines - agonists of GABA
34
how is alcohol a depressant?
ethyl alcohol binds to GABA neurotransmitter and reduces its rate of firing
35
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter
36
biphasic effect
starts as a stimulant but ends as a depressant
37
alcoholism
long-term pattern of alcohol addiction
38
What is considered binge drinking?
binge drinking is the consumption of 5 + drinks in a row
39
alcohol dehydrogenase
- the enzyme responsible for breaking down and eliminating alcohol - if a variant of the enzyme does not work correctly, individuals react very negatively to even small amounts of alcohol
40
sedative-hypnotic drugs
produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness
41
stimulants
substances that increase the activity of the CNS
42
methamphetamines
produces feelings of euphoria - fast acting and leaving, prompting runs of use, lower risk of OD - meth mouth, skin infection, memory loss, paranoia, hallucinations
43
amphetamines
manufactured and increased energy and lower appetite - increases activity of dopamine - club drug, ecstasy (MDMA) dumps serotonin resulting in euphoria
44
opioid
derived from the sap of the opium poppy - heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycontin - the rush of euphoria lasting for hours
45
pain reliever (analgesic)
- highly addictive - methadone, similar effects without psychoactive qualities - codeine is low potency
46
hallucinogens
substances that dramatically change one's state of awareness, causing powerful changes in sensory perception
47
serotonin agonists
mescaline and LSD
48
antagonists of NMDA glutamate
PCP and ketamine
49
flashbacks
recurrences of sensory and emotional changes even after LSD has left the body
50
reward learning pathway (pleasure pathway)
brain circuitry that is important for learning about rewarding stimuli
51
reward-deficiency syndrome
people might abuse drugs because their reward center is not readily activated by usual life events
52
hypnosis
an altered state of consciousness during which people can be directed to act or experience that world in unusual ways; with minimal attention to external stimuli
53
posthypnotic responses
a predetermined signal that elicits a response after being roused from hypnosis
54
posthypnotic amnesia
directed to forget something learned during hypnosis
55
hypnotic hallucinations
guided to experience or not experience events or objects
56
meditation
an ancient technique from many traditions that can change one's consciousness through attention to specific actions or items

psych 1000 (8 decks)

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