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psych 1000 > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

our immediate awareness of our internal and external states

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2
Q

select attention

A

select specific stimuli while ignoring others

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3
Q

Biological rhythms

A

internal rhythms of biological activity

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4
Q

Circadian rhythm (biological clock)

A

pattern of sleep-wake cycles that in humans roughly correspond to a period of day and night

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5
Q

sleep regulation

A

brain’s ability to switch between sleep and wakefulness in response to the external environment

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6
Q

Circadian rhythm sleep disorder

A

excessive sleepiness or insomnia due to a mismatch between their sleep cycle and that of others in their environment

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7
Q

Sleep rebound

A

we fall asleep quickly if we’re sleep-deprived

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8
Q

Restorative Theory of Sleep

A

holds that sleep restores our brains
and bodies

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9
Q

Adaptive Theory of Sleep

A

the theory that organisms sleep for the
purpose of self-preservation, to keep away from the predator

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10
Q

REM (rapid eye movement)

A

darting eye movements under lids
and active brain waves

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11
Q

Non-REM

A

variation in brain waves identifying 4 phases ranging in wakefulness

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12
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A

deep sleep and relaxed, but considerable brain
activity

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13
Q

manifest content

A

what you are able to recall - actual event

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14
Q

latent content

A

unconscious elements - symbolic meaning

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15
Q

Lucid dreams

A

when the sleeper knows they are dreaming and can actively guide the outcomes

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16
Q

Daydreams

A

fantasies that occur while one is awake and aware of external reality but is not fully conscious

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17
Q

Nightmares

A

dreams filled with intense anxiety, helplessness, powerlessness, danger

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18
Q

insomnia

A

an inability to fall or stay asleep often triggered by; stress, drug use, exercise, bedtime routine

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19
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors

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20
Q

parasomnia

A

a group of sleep disorders
- disruptive motor activity in REM or Non-REM
- sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, night terrors

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21
Q

sleepwalking (somnambulism)

A

most often takes place during the first 3hr of sleep. occurs in 5% of children; appears to be inherited

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22
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A

muscle paralysis during REM seizes to occur
- a lot of motor activity (posing a risk)
related to Parkinsons’ disease - now act as a diagnostic indicator

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23
Q

restless leg syndrome

A

discomfort in the legs during inactivity or sleep
- associated with kidney disease and diabetes

24
Q

night terrors

A

related to sleepwalking; people suddenly awake in fear and agitated (screaming).
- increased heart rate and breathing
occurs in stages 3 & 4 - no memory

25
Q

sleep apnea

A

repeatedly ceasing to breathe during the night, depriving the brain of oxygen and frequent awakenings.
- brain fails to send a breath signal, throat muscles become too relaxed, can lead to cardiac arrest
- contributes to cardiovascular disease
- two types obstructive (airway gets blocked) and central (disrupted signal from the brain)

26
Q

narcolepsy

A

marled by an uncontrollable urge to fall asleep. may suddenly fall into REM and awake feeling refreshed
- some experience loss of muscle tone (cataplexy), and vivid dream-like hallucinations, which appear to be inherited
- treat with psychomotor stimulants

27
Q

addiction

A

psychological or physical comlpulsion to take a drug, resulting from regular ingestion and leading to maladaptive pattern of behavior and changes in physical response

28
Q

physical dependence

A

changes in bodily function

29
Q

psychological dependence

A

an emotional need

30
Q

tolerance

A

mark of physical dependence on a drug, in which the person is required to take incrementally larger doses of the drug to achieve the same effect

31
Q

withdrawal symptoms

A

unpleasant and sometimes dangerous side effects of reducing intake of a drug after a person has become addicted

32
Q

psychoactive drug

A

chemicals that affect awareness, behavior, sensation, perception, or mood

33
Q

depressants

A
  • a drug that tends to suppress the CNS
  • Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines
  • agonists of GABA
34
Q

how is alcohol a depressant?

A

ethyl alcohol binds to GABA neurotransmitter and reduces its rate of firing

35
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

36
Q

biphasic effect

A

starts as a stimulant but ends as a depressant

37
Q

alcoholism

A

long-term pattern of alcohol addiction

38
Q

What is considered binge drinking?

A

binge drinking is the consumption of 5 + drinks in a row

39
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase

A
  • the enzyme responsible for breaking down and eliminating alcohol
  • if a variant of the enzyme does not work correctly, individuals react very negatively to even small amounts of alcohol
40
Q

sedative-hypnotic drugs

A

produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness

41
Q

stimulants

A

substances that increase the activity of the CNS

42
Q

methamphetamines

A

produces feelings of euphoria
- fast acting and leaving, prompting runs of use, lower risk of OD
- meth mouth, skin infection, memory loss, paranoia, hallucinations

43
Q

amphetamines

A

manufactured and increased energy and lower appetite
- increases activity of dopamine
- club drug, ecstasy (MDMA) dumps serotonin resulting in euphoria

44
Q

opioid

A

derived from the sap of the opium poppy
- heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycontin
- the rush of euphoria lasting for hours

45
Q

pain reliever (analgesic)

A
  • highly addictive
  • methadone, similar effects without psychoactive qualities
  • codeine is low potency
46
Q

hallucinogens

A

substances that dramatically change one’s state of awareness, causing powerful changes in sensory perception

47
Q

serotonin agonists

A

mescaline and LSD

48
Q

antagonists of NMDA glutamate

A

PCP and ketamine

49
Q

flashbacks

A

recurrences of sensory and emotional changes even after LSD has left the body

50
Q

reward learning pathway (pleasure pathway)

A

brain circuitry that is important for learning about rewarding stimuli

51
Q

reward-deficiency syndrome

A

people might abuse drugs because their reward center is not readily activated by usual life events

52
Q

hypnosis

A

an altered state of consciousness during which people can be directed to act or experience that world in unusual ways; with minimal attention to external stimuli

53
Q

posthypnotic responses

A

a predetermined signal that elicits a response after being roused from hypnosis

54
Q

posthypnotic amnesia

A

directed to forget something l.aerned during hypnosis

55
Q

hypnotic hallucinations

A

guided to experience or not experience events or objects

56
Q

meditation

A

an ancient technique from many traditions that can change one’s consciousness through attention to specific actions or items

psych 1000 (8 decks)

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