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psych 1000 > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory receptor cells

A

specialized cells to convert (sensory transduction) specific stimuli into neural impulses

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2
Q

Sensation

A

the act of using our sensory systems to detect physical energy in our environments and convert it to neural (electrical) signals

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3
Q

Transduction

A

transformation of physical energy into electrical signals

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4
Q

Psychophysics

A

the study of physical stimuli effects on sensory perceptions and mental states or the measurement of sensory experience

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5
Q

Gustave Fechner - Psychophysics

A

studied the strength of a stimulus and a person’s ability to detect it

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6
Q

Signal detection analysis

A

techniques to determine the ability to separate from true signals from background noise

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7
Q

Response bias:

A

behavioral bias to respond yes

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8
Q

Sensitivity

A

true ability to detect presence or absence of signal

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9
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimulus needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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10
Q

psychological factors that signal detection depends on?

A

expectations, experience, motivation, and fatigue

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11
Q

Weber’s law

A

JND is constant proportion of original intensity

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12
Q

Perception

A

the conscious recognition and identification of a
sensory stimulus

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13
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Sensory information from environment driving the process of understanding

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14
Q

Top-down processing

A

Knowledge and expectancy driving the process of understanding

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15
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

a process whereby repeated stimulation of a sensory cell leads to a reduced response

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16
Q

wavelength

A

the length of a wave from one peak to the next - determines frequency

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17
Q

amplitude

A

the height from the troughs to crest - strength/energy

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18
Q

Timbre

A

a sounds purity and is affected by frequency, amplitude, and timing

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19
Q

cornea

A

transparent covering over the eye, focuses light

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20
Q

pupil

A

opening in the eye through which lights passes through

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21
Q

iris

A

coloured portion of the eye, a muscle that controls pupil size

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22
Q

lens

A

curved, transparent, and provides additional focus

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23
Q

retina

A

light sensitive lining of the eye

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24
Q

what part of the eye contains all receptor cells?

A

retina/fovea

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25
Q

cones (parts of the eye)

A

used for central and colour vision, fovea is all cones

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26
Q

rods (parts of the eye)

A

used for periphery and night vision, more rods than cones, more responsive to dark and light

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27
Q

what do rods and cones do? (anatomy of the eye)

A

transduce light waves into neural impulses

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28
Q

optic chasm

A

an x shaped structure, the point where the optic nerve from each eye met

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29
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay sensor

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30
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

a cluster of neurons in the thalamus

31
Q

where is visual information processed?

A

parallel pathways

32
Q

trichromatic theory

A

three different receptors for colour each responding to different wavelengths of light (only blue, red, green)

33
Q

opponent process theory

A

colour pairs work to inhibit one another
-green-red; blue-yellow; and black-white
-one dyad is excited and the other is inhibited

34
Q

afterimage

A

continuation of sensation once stimuli is removed

35
Q

color blindness

A

fail to see the same range of colours

36
Q

monochromatic

A

only see white, black, and grey

37
Q

depth perception

A

perception of spatial relations in 3D space

38
Q

binocular cues

A

cues that rely on both eye

39
Q

monocular cues

A

cues that rely on one eye

40
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

slightly different stimuli recorded by the
retina of each eye, provides us with a binocular cue of dept

41
Q

interposition

A

when one object blocks another, we perceive the blocked object as further away

42
Q

auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

A

organized in a tonotopic map - different frequencies are projected to specific sites

43
Q

temporal theory

A

different frequencies are converted into different rates of action potentials. High frequency sounds
produce more rapid firing (phase lock)

44
Q

place theory

A

different frequencies activate different regions of
the basilar membrane. The brain equates the place activity occurred on the basilar membrane with a particular frequency (place coding)

45
Q

Monaural (one-eared)

A

sound’s source relative to body position

46
Q

Binaural (two-eared)

A

relies on a horizontal axis by delivering
different patterns of vibration between the eardrums in each ear

47
Q

deafness

A

loss of hearing either partial or complete

48
Q

congenital deafness

A

born without hearing

49
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

problem delivering sound to cochlea
- temporary or permanent
-treated with hearing aid

50
Q

Interaural level difference

A

sound on the right side of
the body is heard more intensely by the right ea

51
Q

Interaural timing difference

A

small differences in time
at which a sound arrives at each ear

52
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Transmission failure from cochlea to
brain

53
Q

Ménière’s disease

A

degeneration of inner ear structures
– Tinnitus (ringing); vertigo (sense of spinning), increased ear pressure

54
Q

solution for

A

Require cochlear implant to directly stimulate auditory nerve

55
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge at a distance

56
Q

aerial perspective

A

objects that appear hazy, or that are covered with smog or dust, appear further away

57
Q

papillae

A

bumps that cover the surface of the tongue

58
Q

taste bud

A

clusters of sensory receptor cells that bind the food molecules that dissolve in our saliva and turn this information into a neural impulse

59
Q

odorants

A

airborne chemicals that are detected as odors

60
Q

olfactory receptor neurons

A

the receptor cells bind odorant molecules into a neural impulse and send that impulse to the brain

61
Q

pheromones

A

chemical messages - often to signal

62
Q

inflammatory pain

A

pain signaling tissue damage

63
Q

neuropathic pain

A

exaggerating signal of damage to neurons in the PNS or CNS

64
Q

Congenital analgesia

A

born without the ability to perceive pain

65
Q

vestibular

A

ability to maintain balance and body posture

66
Q

pain perception

A

development & individual differences

67
Q

kinsynthetic

A

receptor cells in your muscles tell the brain when you are moving and where your body parts are

68
Q

figure-ground

A

the main object or background

69
Q

similarity

A

stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together

70
Q

proximity

A

visual stimuli near to one another tend to be grouped together

71
Q

continuity

A

objects that continue a pattern or are grouped together

72
Q

closure

A

we tend to fill in small gaps so they are perceived as wholes

73
Q

pattern perception

A

ability to discriminate different figures and shapes

74
Q

perceptual hypotheses

A

educated guesses that we make while interpreting sensory information

psych 1000 (8 decks)

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