Chapter 8

Question 1

Absentmindedness

Answer 1

Lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

Question 2

Acoustic Encoding

Answer 2

Input of sounds, words, and music

Question 3

Amnesia

Answer 3

Loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Question 4

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 4

Loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

Question 5

Arousal Theory

Answer 5

Strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

Question 6

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Answer 6

Memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Question 7

Automatic Processing

Answer 7

Encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

Question 8

Bias

Answer 8

How feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events

Question 9

Blocking

Answer 9

Memory error in which you cannot access stored information

Question 10

Chunking

Answer 10

Organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

Question 11

Construction

Answer 11

Formulation of new memories

Question 12

Declarative Memory

Answer 12

Type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

Question 13

Effortful Processing

Answer 13

Encoding of information that takes effort and attention

Question 14

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 14

Thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Question 15

Encoding

Answer 15

Input of information into the memory system

Question 16

Engram

Answer 16

Physical trace of memory

Question 17

Episodic Memory

Answer 17

Type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

Question 18

Equipotentiality Hypothesis

Answer 18

Some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories

Question 19

Explicit Memory

Answer 19

Memories we consciously try to remember and recall

Question 20

False Memory Syndrome

Answer 20

Recall of false autobiographical memories

Question 21

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 21

Exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

Question 22

Forgetting

Answer 22

Loss of information from long-term memory

Question 23

Implicit Memory

Answer 23

Memories that are not part of our consciousness

Question 24

Levels of Processing

Answer 24

Information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

Question 25

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Answer 25

Continuous storage of information

Question 26

Memory

Answer 26

Set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

Question 27

Memory-Enhancing Strategy

Answer 27

Technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory

Question 28

Misattribution

Answer 28

Memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

Question 29

Misinformation Effect Paradigm

Answer 29

After exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event

Question 30

Mnemonic Device

Answer 30

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding

Question 31

Persistence

Answer 31

Failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

Question 32

Proactive Interferences

Answer 32

Old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

Question 33

Procedural Memory

Answer 33

Type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

Question 34

Recall

Answer 34

Accessing information without cues

Question 35

Recognition

Answer 35

Identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

Question 36

Reconstruction

Answer 36

Process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

Question 37

Rehearsal

Answer 37

Repetition of information to be remembered

Question 38

Relearning

Answer 38

Learning information that was previously learned

Question 39

Retrieval

Answer 39

Act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

Question 40

Retroactive Interference

Answer 40

Information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

Question 41

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 41

Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma

Question 42

Self-Reference Effect

Answer 42

Tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

Question 43

Semantic Encoding

Answer 43

Input of words and their meaning

Question 44

Semantic Memory

Answer 44

Type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Question 45

Sensory Memory

Answer 45

Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

Question 46

Short-Term Memory

Answer 46

Holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used.

Question 47

Storage

Answer 47

Creation of a permanent record of information

Question 48

Suggestibility

Answer 48

Effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

Question 49

Transience

Answer 49

Memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time

Question 50

Visual Encoding

Answer 50

Input of images