Chapter 6- Review Q's

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?
a. child riding a bike
b. teen socializing
c. infant sucking on a nipple
d. toddler walking

Answer 1

c. infant sucking on a nipple

Question 2

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that _____.
a. is innate
b. occurs as a result of experience
c. is found only in humans
d. occurs by observing others

Answer 2

b. occurs as a result of experience

Question 3

Two forms of associative learning are _____ and _____.
a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning
c. operant conditioning; observational learning
d. operant conditioning; learning conditioning

Answer 3

a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Question 4

In _____ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior
a. associative learning
b. observational learning
c. operant conditioning
d. classical conditioning

Answer 4

a. associative learning

Question 5

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) _____.
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. neutral stimulus
c. conditioned stimulus
d. unconditioned response

Answer 5

b. neutral stimulus

Question 6

In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates _____.
a. higher order conditioning
b. acquisition
c. stimulus discrimination
d. stimulus generalization

Answer 6

d. stimulus generalization

Question 7

Extinction occurs when _____.
a. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
b. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus
c. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
a. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

a. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

in Pavlov’s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were _____.
a. unconditioned response
b. conditioned response
c. unconditioned stimuli
d. conditioned stimuli

Answer 8

b. conditioned response

Question 9

_____ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. positive punishment
d. negative punishment

Answer 9

d. negative punishment

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary reinforcer?
a. food
b. money
c. water
d. sex

Answer 10

b. money

Question 11

Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is _____.
a. shaping
b. extinction
c. positive reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement

Answer 11

a. shaping

Question 12

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
a. fixed ratio
b. variable ratio
c. fixed interval
d. variable interval

Answer 12

d. variable interval

Question 13

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a _____.
a. teacher
b. model
c. instructor
d. coach

Answer 13

b. model

Question 14

In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they _____.
a. ignored the doll
b. played nicely with the doll
c. played with tinker toys
d. kicked and threw the doll

Answer 14

d. kicked and threw the doll

Question 15

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?
a. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
b. motivation, attention, reproduction, retention
c. attention, motivation, retention, reproduction
d. motivation, attention, retention, reproduction

Answer 15

a. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Question 16

Who proposed observational learning?
a. Ivan Pavlov
b. John Watson
c. Albert Bandura
d. B.F. Skinner

Answer 16

c. Albert Bandura

Question 17

Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. How are they alike? How do they differ?

Question 18

What is the difference between a reflex and a learning behavior?

Question 19

If the sound of your toaster popping up toast causes your mouth to water, what are the UCS, CS, and CR?

Answer 19

UCS: toaster popping
CS: toast
CR: mouth watering
(double check in textbook)

Question 20

Explain how the processes of stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination are considered opposites

Answer 20

Stimulus generalization: generalizes multiple different stimuli and has the same CR to them all

Stimulus discrimination: being able tell the difference between two different similar stimuli

Question 21

How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?

Question 22

What is a Skinner box and what is its purpose?

Question 23

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Question 24

What is shaping and how would you use shaping to teach a dog to roll over?

Question 25

What is the effect of prosocial modeling and antisocial modeling?

Question 26

Cara is 17 years old. Cara’s mother and father both drink alcohol every night. They tell Cara that drinking is bad and she shouldn’t do it. Cara goes to a party where beer is being served. What do you think Cara will do? Why?