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psychology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

A

absentmindedness

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2
Q

input of sounds, words, and music

A

acoustic encoding

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3
Q

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

A

amnesia

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4
Q

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

A

anterograde amnesia

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5
Q

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

A

arousal theory

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6
Q

memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

A

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

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7
Q

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

A

automatic processing

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8
Q

how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events

A

bias

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9
Q

memory error in which you cannot access stored information

A

blocking

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10
Q

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

A

chunking

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11
Q

formulation of new memories

A

construction

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12
Q

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

A

declarative memory

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13
Q

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

A

effortful processing

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14
Q

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

A

elaborative rehearsal

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15
Q

input of information into the memory system

A

encoding

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16
Q

physical trace of memory

A

engram

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17
Q

some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories

A

equipotentiality hypothesis

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17
Q

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

A

episodic memory

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18
Q

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

A

explicit memory

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19
Q

recall of false autobiographical memories

A

false memory syndrome

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20
Q

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

A

flashbulb memory

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21
Q

loss of information from long-term memory

A

forgetting

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22
Q

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

A

levels of processing

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22
Q

memories that are not part of our consciousness

A

implicit memory

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23
Q

continuous storage of information

A

long-term memory (LTM)

23
Q

set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

A

memory

23
Q

technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory

A

memory-enhancing strategy

24
Q

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

A

misattribution

25
Q

after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

A

misinformation effect paradigm

26
Q

memory aids that help organize information for encoding

A

mnemonic device

27
Q

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

A

persistence

28
Q

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

A

proactive interference

29
Q

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

A

procedural memory

30
Q

accessing information without cues

A

recall

31
Q

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

A

recognition

32
Q

repetition of information to be remembered

A

rehearsal

32
Q

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

A

reconstruction

32
Q

learning information that was previously learned

A

relearning

33
Q

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

A

retrieval

34
Q

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

A

retroactive interference

35
Q

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

A

self-reference effect

35
Q

loss of memory for events that occurred before to brain trauma

A

retrograde amnesia

36
Q

input of words and their meaning

A

semantic encoding

37
Q

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

A

semantic memory

38
Q

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

A

sensory memory

39
Q

holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

A

short-term memory (STM)

40
Q

creation of a permanent record of information

A

storage

41
Q

effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

A

suggestibility

42
Q

memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time

A

transience

43
Q

input of images

A

visual encoding

44
Q

________ is a memory store with a phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and a central executive.

A

working memory

45
Q

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.

A

essentially limitless

46
Q

The three functions of memory are ________.

A

encoding, storage, and retrieval

47
Q

This physical trace of memory is known as the ________.

A

engram

48
Q

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.

A

flashbulb memory

49
Q

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

A

egocentric bias

50
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.

A

blocking

51
Q

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

A

construction; reconstruction

52
Q

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement “Every good boy does fine” can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.

A

acrostic

52
Q

According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.

A

a traumatic life experience

53
Q

The self-referencing effect refers to ________.

A

making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

54
Q

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.

A

mnemonic devices

psychology (8 decks)

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