Chapter 8 Flashcards
lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else
absentmindedness
input of sounds, words, and music
acoustic encoding
loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
amnesia
loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma
anterograde amnesia
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
arousal theory
memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
automatic processing
how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events
bias
memory error in which you cannot access stored information
blocking
organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
chunking
formulation of new memories
construction
type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience
declarative memory
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
effortful processing
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
elaborative rehearsal
input of information into the memory system
encoding
physical trace of memory
engram
some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories
equipotentiality hypothesis
type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory
episodic memory
memories we consciously try to remember and recall
explicit memory
recall of false autobiographical memories
false memory syndrome
exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
flashbulb memory
loss of information from long-term memory
forgetting
information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory
levels of processing
memories that are not part of our consciousness
implicit memory
continuous storage of information
long-term memory (LTM)
set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
memory
technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory
memory-enhancing strategy
memory error in which you confuse the source of your information
misattribution
after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event
misinformation effect paradigm
memory aids that help organize information for encoding
mnemonic device
failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones
persistence
old information hinders the recall of newly learned information
proactive interference
type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim
procedural memory
accessing information without cues
recall
identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
recognition
repetition of information to be remembered
rehearsal
process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information
reconstruction
learning information that was previously learned
relearning
act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
retrieval
information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
retroactive interference
tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
self-reference effect
loss of memory for events that occurred before to brain trauma
retrograde amnesia
input of words and their meaning
semantic encoding
type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
semantic memory
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
sensory memory
holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
short-term memory (STM)
creation of a permanent record of information
storage
effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
suggestibility
memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time
transience
input of images
visual encoding
________ is a memory store with a phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and a central executive.
working memory
The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.
essentially limitless
The three functions of memory are ________.
encoding, storage, and retrieval
This physical trace of memory is known as the ________.
engram
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.
flashbulb memory
________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.
egocentric bias
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.
blocking
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
construction; reconstruction
When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement “Every good boy does fine” can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.
acrostic
According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.
a traumatic life experience
The self-referencing effect refers to ________.
making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you
Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.
mnemonic devices
