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psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns of relationships

A

Archival Research

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2
Q

Reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

A

Attrition

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3
Q

Changes in variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

A

cause-and-effect relationship

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4
Q

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

A

clinical or case study

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5
Q

Tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

A

confirmation bias

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6
Q

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variable

A

confounding variable

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7
Q

Serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study-by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

A

control group

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8
Q

Relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does.

A

correlation

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9
Q

number from -1 to +1 indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r

A

correlation coefficient

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10
Q

Compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

A

cross-sectional research

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11
Q

When an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion

A

Debriefing

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12
Q

Purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

A

Deception

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13
Q

Results are predicted based on a general premise

A

deductive reasoning

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14
Q

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

A

dependent variable

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15
Q

Grounded in objective tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

A

Empirical

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15
Q

Experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

A

Double-blind study

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16
Q

Group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the 2 are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

A

experimental group

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17
Q

Researcher expectations skew the results of the study

A

Experimenter bias

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18
Q

Objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research

A

fact

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19
Q

Able to be disproven by experimental results

A

Falsifiable

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20
Q

inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population

A

Generalize

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21
Q

Tentative and testable statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables

A

Hypothesis

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22
Q

Seeing relationships between 2 things when in reality no such relationship exists

A

Illusory Correlation

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23
Q

Variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group

A

Independent Variable

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24
Q

Conclusions are drawn from observations

A

Inductive Reasoning

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25
Q

Process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person’s consent to participate

A

Informed Consent

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26
Q

Committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals

A

Institutional Animals Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

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27
Q

Committee of administers, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

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28
Q

Measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event

A

Inter-rater reliability

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29
Q

Studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

A

Longitudinal research

30
Q

Observation of behavior in its natural setting

A

naturalistic observation

31
Q

Two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation

A

Negative correlation

32
Q

When observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations

A

Observer bias

33
Q

Description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

A

operational definition

34
Q

Personal judgements, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate

35
Q

Subjects of psychological research

A

Participants

36
Q

Article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication

A

Peer-reviewed journal article

37
Q

People’s expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

A

Placebo effect

38
Q

Overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

A

Population

39
Q

Two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

A

Positive correlation

40
Q

Method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

A

Random assignment

41
Q

Subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

A

Random sample

42
Q

Consistency and Reproducibility of a given result

A

Reliability

43
Q

Repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliability

44
Q

Subset of individuals selected from the larger population

45
Q

Experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group

A

Single-blind study

46
Q

Determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

A

Statistical Analysis

47
Q

List of questions to be answered by research participants- given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally-allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people

48
Q

Well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

49
Q

Accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

50
Q

Scientific hypotheses are ______ and falsifiable
a. Observable
b. Original
c. Provable
D. Testable

A

D. Testable

51
Q

_______ are defined as observable realities
a. Behaviors
b. Facts
c. Opinions
d. Theories

52
Q

Scientific knowledge is _______
a. Intuitive
b. Empirical
c. Permanent
d. Subjective

A

B. Empirical

53
Q

A major criticism of Freud’s early theories involves the fact that his theories ______
a. Were too limited in scope
b. Were too outrageous
c. Were too broad
d. Were not testable

A

D. Were not testable

54
Q

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as _________
a. Archival Research
b. Case Study
c. Naturalistic Observation
d. Survey

A

B. Case Study

55
Q

_________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments
a. Archival Research
b. Case Study
c. Naturalistic Observation
d. Survey

A

C. Naturalistic Observation

56
Q

The major limitation of case studies is __________________
a. The superficial nature of the information collected in this approach
b. The lack of control that the researcher has in this approach
c. The inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population
d. The absence of inter-rater reliability

A

C. The inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

57
Q

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is _________
a. The honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting
b. How quick and easy these studies are to perform
c. The researcher’s capacity to make sure that the data is collected as efficiently as possible
d. The ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

A

A. The honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

58
Q

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as _______
a. Naturalistic observation
b. Survey Research
c. Longitudinal Research
d. Archival research

A

D. Archival Research

59
Q

_________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time
a. Archival research
b. longitudinal research
c. Naturalistic observation
d. Cross-sectional research

A

B. Longitudinal Research

60
Q

A ___________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form
a. Archive
b. Case study
c. Naturalistic observation
d. Survey

61
Q

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of _________
a. Deception
b. Observation
c. Attrition
d. Generalization

A

C. Attrition

62
Q

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that:
a. There is no relationship between height and weight
b. Usually, the taller someone is, the thinner they are
c. Usually, the shorter someone is, the heavier they are
d. As height increases, typically weight increases

A

D. As height increases, typically weight increases

63
Q

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables
a. -.90
b. -.50
c. +.80
d. +.25

64
Q

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on the exam
a. Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance
b. Smart students watch less television
c. Viewing television interferes with a student’s ability to prepare for the upcoming exam
d. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams

A

D. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams

65
Q

The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when______
a. its closest to 0
b. its closest to -1
c. its positive
d. its negative

A

A. its closest to 0

66
Q

_______ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study
a. Operationalizing
b. Placebo Effect
c. Random assignment
d. Random sampling

A

D. Random sampling

67
Q

The _________ is controlled by the experimenter; while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter
a. Dependent variable; independent variable
b. independent variable; dependent variable
c. Placebo affect; experimenter bias
d. Experimenter bias; placebo effect

A

B. Independent variable; dependent variable

68
Q

Researchers must _______ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding on exactly how those concepts were defined
a. Randomly assign
b. Randomly select
c. Operationalize
d. Generalize

A

C. Operationalize

69
Q

Sometimes researchers will administer a ______ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that particular expectation might have on the experiment
a. Dependent Variable
b. independent variable
c. Statistical Analysis
d. placebo

A

D. Placebo

70
Q

______ is to animal research as ________ is to human research
a. informed consent; deception
b. IACUC; IRB
c. IRB; IACUC
d. deception; debriefing

A

B. IACUC; IRB

71
Q

Researchers might use __________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses
a. Informed consent
b. Deception
c. Ethics
d. Debriefing

A

B. Deception

72
Q

A person’s participation in a research project must be _______
a. Random
b. Rewarded
c. Voluntary
d. Public

A

C. Voluntary

73
Q

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the _______ form
a. Informed consent
b. Debriefing
c. IRB
d. Ethics

A

A. Informed Consent

psychology (8 decks)

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