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Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

first stage of the general adaptation syndrome; characterized as the body’s immediate physiological reaction to a threatening situation or some other emergency; analogous to the fight-or-flight response

A

alarm reaction

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2
Q

psychophysiological disorder in which the airways of the respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs

A

asthma

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3
Q

stress-reduction technique using electronic equipment to measure a person’s involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity and provide feedback to help the person gain a level of voluntary control over these processes

A

biofeedback

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4
Q

disorders that involve the heart and blood circulation system

A

cardiovascular disorders

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5
Q

mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including its cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces

A

coping

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6
Q

stress hormone released by the adrenal glands when encountering a stressor; helps to provide a boost of energy, thereby preparing the individual to take action

A

cortisol

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7
Q

minor irritations and annoyances that are part of our everyday lives and are capable of producing stress

A

daily hassles

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8
Q

bad form of stress; usually high in intensity; often leads to exhaustion, fatigue, feeling burned out; associated with erosions in performance and health

A

distress

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9
Q

good form of stress; low to moderate in intensity; associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance

A

eustress

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10
Q

set of physiological reactions (increases in blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, and sweat) that occur when an individual encounters a perceived threat; these reactions are produced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system

A

fight-or-flight response

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11
Q

state involving intense engagement in an activity; usually is experienced when participating in creative, work, and leisure endeavors

A

flow

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12
Q

Hans Selye’s three-stage model of the body’s physiological reactions to stress and the process of stress adaptation: alarm reaction, stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion

A

general adaptation syndrome

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13
Q

enduring state of mind consisting of joy, contentment, and other positive emotions; the sense that one’s life has meaning and value

A

happiness

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14
Q

subfield of psychology devoted to studying psychological influences on health, illness, and how people respond when they become ill

A

health psychology

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14
Q

several types of adverse heart conditions, including those that involve the heart’s arteries or valves or those involving the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs; can include heart attack and stroke

A

heart disease

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15
Q

high blood pressure

A

hypertension

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16
Q

set of structures found in both the limbic system (hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary gland and adrenal glands) that regulate many of the body’s physiological reactions to stress through the release of hormones

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

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17
Q

various structures, cells, and mechanisms that protect the body from foreign substances that can damage the body’s tissues and organs

A

immune system

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18
Q

decreased effectiveness of the immune system

A

immunosuppression

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19
Q

general sense of emotional exhaustion and cynicism in relation to one’s job; consists of three dimensions: exhaustion, depersonalization, and sense of diminished personal accomplishment

A

job burnout

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20
Q

work situation involving the combination of excessive job demands and workload with little decision making latitude or job control

A

job strain

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21
Q

white blood cells that circulate in the body’s fluids and are especially important in the body’s immune response

A

lymphocytes

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22
Q

tendency toward a positive outlook and positive expectations

A

optimism

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22
Q

tendency to experience distressed emotional states involving anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness

A

negative affectivity

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23
Q

peoples’ beliefs concerning their capacity to influence and shape outcomes in their lives

A

perceived control

24
Q

state or a trait that involves pleasurable engagement with the environment, the dimensions of which include happiness, joy, enthusiasm, alertness, and excitement

A

positive affect

25
Q

scientific area of study seeking to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives

A

positive psychology

26
Q

judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail

A

primary appraisal

27
Q

field that studies how psychological factors (such as stress) influence the immune system and immune functioning

A

psychoneuroimmunology

28
Q

physical disorders or diseases in which symptoms are brought about or worsened by stress and emotional factors

A

psychophysiological disorders

29
Q

stress reduction technique combining elements of relaxation and meditation

A

relaxation response technique

30
Q

judgment of options available to cope with a stressor and their potential effectiveness

A

secondary appraisal

31
Q

popular scale designed to measure stress; consists of 43 potentially stressful events, each of which has a numerical value quantifying how much readjustment is associated with the event

A

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

32
Q

soothing and often beneficial support of others; can take different forms, such as advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance

A

social support

33
Q

third stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body’s ability to resist stress becomes depleted; illness, disease, and even death may occur

A

stage of exhaustion

34
Q

second stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body adapts to a stressor for a period of time

A

stage of resistance

35
Q

process whereby an individual perceives and responds to events that one appraises as overwhelming or threatening to one’s well-being

A

stress

36
Q

environmental events that may be judged as threatening or demanding; stimuli that initiate the stress process

A

stressors

37
Q

psychological and behavior pattern exhibited by individuals who tend to be extremely competitive, impatient, rushed, and hostile toward others

A

Type A

38
Q

psychological and behavior pattern exhibited by a person who is relaxed and laid back

A

Type B

39
Q

Negative effects of stress are most likely to be experienced when an event is perceived as ________.

A

threatening, and no clear options for dealing with it are apparent

40
Q

Between 2006 and 2009, the greatest increases in stress levels were found to occur among ________.

A

those aged 45-64

41
Q

At which stage of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to illness?

A

exhaustion

42
Q

During an encounter judged as stressful, cortisol is released by the ________.

A

adrenal glands

43
Q

According to the Holmes and Rahe scale, which life event requires the greatest amount of readjustment?

A

death of spouse

44
Q

While waiting to pay for his weekly groceries at the supermarket, Paul had to wait about 20 minutes in a long line at the checkout because only one cashier was on duty. When he was finally ready to pay, his debit card was declined because he did not have enough money left in his checking account. Because he had left his credit cards at home, he had to place the groceries back into the cart and head home to retrieve a credit card. While driving back to his home, traffic was backed up two miles due to an accident. These events that Paul had to endure are best characterized as ________.

A

daily hassles

45
Q

What is one of the major criticisms of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?

A

It does not take into consideration how a person appraises an event.

46
Q

Which of the following is not a dimension of job burnout?

A

hostility

47
Q

The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body are called ________.

A

lymphocytes

48
Q

The risk of heart disease is especially high among individuals with ________.

A

depression

49
Q

The most lethal dimension of Type A behavior pattern seems to be ________.

A

hostility

50
Q

Which of the following statements pertaining to asthma is false?

A

Rates of asthma have decreased considerably since 2000.

51
Q

Emotion-focused coping would likely be a better method than problem-focused coping for dealing with which of the following stressors?

A

terminal cancer

52
Q

Relative to those with low levels of social support, individuals with high levels of social support ________.

A

tend to tolerate stress well

52
Q

Studies of British civil servants have found that those in the lowest status jobs are much more likely to develop heart disease than those who have high status jobs. These findings attest to the importance of ________ in dealing with stress.

A

perceived control

53
Q

The concept of learned helplessness was formulated by Seligman to explain the ________.

A

inability of dogs to attempt to escape avoidable shocks after having received inescapable shocks

54
Q

Which of the following is not one of the presumed components of happiness?

A

learning new skills

55
Q

Researchers have identified a number of factors that are related to happiness. Which of the following is not one of them?

A

physical attractiveness

56
Q

How does positive affect differ from optimism?

A

Positive affect involves feeling states, whereas optimism involves expectations

57
Q

Carson enjoys writing mystery novels, and has even managed to publish some of his work. When he’s writing, Carson becomes extremely focused on his work; in fact, he becomes so absorbed that that he often loses track of time, often staying up well past 3 a.m. Carson’s experience best illustrates the concept of ________.

A

flow

psychology (8 decks)

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