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chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions

A

Algorithm

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2
Q

aligned with academic problem solving and computations

A

analytical intelligence

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3
Q

faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution

A

anchoring bias

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4
Q

concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics

A

artificial concept

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5
Q

faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you

A

availability heuristic

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6
Q

thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory

A

cognition

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7
Q

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema

A

cognitive script

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7
Q

field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think

A

Cognitive Psychology

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7
Q

category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences

A

concept

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8
Q

ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

A

creative intelligence

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8
Q

faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs

A

confirmation bias

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8
Q

providing correct or established answers to problems

A

convergent thinking

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8
Q

ability to think “outside the box” to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

A

divergent thinking

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8
Q

characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

A

crystallized intelligence

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8
Q

ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture

A

cultural intelligence

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9
Q

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

A

creativity

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9
Q

learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics

A

Dyscalculia

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10
Q

learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly

A

Dysgraphia

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11
Q

common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain

A

dyslexia

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12
Q

ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others

A

emotional intelligence

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13
Q

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script

A

event schema

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14
Q

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

A

fluid intelligence

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15
Q

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

A

Flynn effect

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16
Q

inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended

A

functional fixedness

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17
Q

set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon

A

grammar

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18
Q

mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem

A

Heuristic

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19
Q

belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t

A

hindsight bias

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20
Q

score on a test designed to measure intelligence

A

intelligence quotient (IQ)

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21
Q

communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another

A

language

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22
Q

the words of a given language

A

lexicon

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23
Q

continually using an old solution to a problem without results

A

mental set

24
Q

smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning

A

Morpheme

25
Q

Gardner’s theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence

A

Multiple Intelligences Theory

26
Q

mental groupings that are created “naturally” through your experiences

A

Natural Concept

27
Q

administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups

A

Norming

28
Q

extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule

A

Overgeneralization

29
Q

basic sound unit of a given language

A

phoneme

30
Q

aka “street smarts”

A

practical intelligence

31
Q

method for solving problems

A

problem-solving strategy

32
Q

best representation of a concept

A

prototype

33
Q

each person’s response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up

A

range of reaction

34
Q

faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment

A

representative bias

35
Q

subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

A

representative sample

36
Q

set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role

A

role schema

37
Q

(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

A

schema

38
Q

process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

A

Semantics

39
Q

measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean

A

standard deviation

40
Q

method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent

A

Standardization

41
Q

manner by which words are organized into sentences

A

syntax

42
Q

problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found

A

trial and error

43
Q

Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical

A

triarchic theory of intelligence

44
Q

heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result

A

working backwards

45
Q

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________.
A. Human development
B. Human thinking
C. Human behavior
D. Human society

A

B. Human thinking

46
Q

Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an
athletic team?
A. The equipment manager
B. The scorekeeper
C. The team captain
D. The quietest member of the team

A

C. The team captain

47
Q

Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?
A. Mammals
B. A triangle’s area
C. Gemstones
D. Teachers

A

B. A triangle’s area

48
Q

An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________.
A. Stereotype
B. Concept
C. Script
D. Prototype

A

C. Script

49
Q

________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.
A. Linguistic determinism
B. Lexicon
C. Semantics
D. Syntax

A

D. Syntax

50
Q

________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.
A. Lexicon
B. Phonemes
C. Morphemes
D. Syntax

A

C. Morphemes

51
Q

The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________.
A. Lexicon
B. Phonemes
C. Overgeneralization
D. Semantics

A

D. Semantics

52
Q

________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.
A. Syntax
B. Phonemes
C. Morphemes
D. Grammar

A

B. Phonemes

53
Q

A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.
A. An algorithm
B. A heuristic
C. A mental set
D. Trial and error

A

A. An algorithm

54
Q

A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ________.
A. An algorithm
B. A heuristic
C. A mental set
D. Trial and error

A

B. A heuristic

55
Q

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?
A. Anchoring bias
B. Confirmation bias
C. Representative bias
D. Availability bias

A

A. Anchoring bias

56
Q

Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?
A. Anchoring bias
B. Confirmation bias
C. Representative bias
D. Availability bias

A

C. Representative bias

57
Q

Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________.
A. Being able to recall information
B. Being able to create new products
C. Being able to understand and communicate with different cultures
D. Being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

A

D. Being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

58
Q

Which of the following is not one of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?
A. Creative
B. Spatial
C. Linguistic
D. Musical

A

A. Creative

59
Q

Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?
A. Goleman
B. Gardner
C. Sternberg
D. Steitz

A

C. Sternberg

60
Q

When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using
most?
A. Practical
B. Analytical
C. Emotional
D. Creative

A

B. Analytical

61
Q

In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.
A. A group of same-age peers
B. A representative sample
C. Children with mental disabilities
D. Children of average intelligence

A

B. A representative sample

62
Q

The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________.
A. 70
B. 130
C. 85
D. 100

A

D. 100

63
Q

Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?
A. Sir Francis Galton
B. Alfred Binet
C. Louis Terman
D. David Wechsler

A

D. David Wechsler

64
Q

The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental
retardation.
A. Autism and developmental disabilities
B. Lowered intelligence
C. Intellectual disability
D. Cognitive disruption

A

C. Intellectual disability

65
Q

Where does high intelligence come from?
A. Genetics
B. Environment
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B

A

C. Both A and B

66
Q

Arthur Jensen believed that ________.
A. Genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
B. Environment was solely responsible for intelligence
C. Intelligence level was determined by race
D. IQ tests do not take socioeconomic status into account

A

A. Genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

67
Q

What is a learning disability?
A. A developmental disorder
B. A neurological disorder
C. An emotional disorder
D. An intellectual disorder

A

B. A neurological disorder

68
Q

Which of the following statements is true?
A. Poverty always affects whether individuals are able to reach their full intellectual potential.
B. An individual’s intelligence is determined solely by the intelligence levels of his siblings.
C. The environment in which an individual is raised is the strongest predictor of her future intelligence
D. There are many factors working together to influence an individual’s intelligence level.

A

D. There are many factors working together to influence an individual’s intelligence level.

psychology (8 decks)

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