chapter 7 Flashcards
problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions
Algorithm
aligned with academic problem solving and computations
analytical intelligence
faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution
anchoring bias
concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics
artificial concept
faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you
availability heuristic
thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory
cognition
set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema
cognitive script
field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think
Cognitive Psychology
category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences
concept
ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem
creative intelligence
faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs
confirmation bias
providing correct or established answers to problems
convergent thinking
ability to think “outside the box” to arrive at novel solutions to a problem
divergent thinking
characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
crystallized intelligence
ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture
cultural intelligence
ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
creativity
learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics
Dyscalculia
learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly
Dysgraphia
common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain
dyslexia
ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others
emotional intelligence
set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script
event schema
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
fluid intelligence
observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
Flynn effect
inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended
functional fixedness
set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon
grammar
mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem
Heuristic
belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t
hindsight bias
score on a test designed to measure intelligence
intelligence quotient (IQ)
communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another
language
the words of a given language
lexicon
continually using an old solution to a problem without results
mental set
smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning
Morpheme
Gardner’s theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
Multiple Intelligences Theory
mental groupings that are created “naturally” through your experiences
Natural Concept
administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups
Norming
extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule
Overgeneralization
basic sound unit of a given language
phoneme
aka “street smarts”
practical intelligence
method for solving problems
problem-solving strategy
best representation of a concept
prototype
each person’s response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up
range of reaction
faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment
representative bias
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
representative sample
set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role
role schema
(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
schema
process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
Semantics
measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean
standard deviation
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
Standardization
manner by which words are organized into sentences
syntax
problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found
trial and error
Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical
triarchic theory of intelligence
heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result
working backwards
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________.
A. Human development
B. Human thinking
C. Human behavior
D. Human society
B. Human thinking
Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an
athletic team?
A. The equipment manager
B. The scorekeeper
C. The team captain
D. The quietest member of the team
C. The team captain
Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?
A. Mammals
B. A triangle’s area
C. Gemstones
D. Teachers
B. A triangle’s area
An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________.
A. Stereotype
B. Concept
C. Script
D. Prototype
C. Script
________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.
A. Linguistic determinism
B. Lexicon
C. Semantics
D. Syntax
D. Syntax
________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.
A. Lexicon
B. Phonemes
C. Morphemes
D. Syntax
C. Morphemes
The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________.
A. Lexicon
B. Phonemes
C. Overgeneralization
D. Semantics
D. Semantics
________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.
A. Syntax
B. Phonemes
C. Morphemes
D. Grammar
B. Phonemes
A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.
A. An algorithm
B. A heuristic
C. A mental set
D. Trial and error
A. An algorithm
A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ________.
A. An algorithm
B. A heuristic
C. A mental set
D. Trial and error
B. A heuristic
Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?
A. Anchoring bias
B. Confirmation bias
C. Representative bias
D. Availability bias
A. Anchoring bias
Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?
A. Anchoring bias
B. Confirmation bias
C. Representative bias
D. Availability bias
C. Representative bias
Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________.
A. Being able to recall information
B. Being able to create new products
C. Being able to understand and communicate with different cultures
D. Being able to see complex relationships and solve problems
D. Being able to see complex relationships and solve problems
Which of the following is not one of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?
A. Creative
B. Spatial
C. Linguistic
D. Musical
A. Creative
Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?
A. Goleman
B. Gardner
C. Sternberg
D. Steitz
C. Sternberg
When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using
most?
A. Practical
B. Analytical
C. Emotional
D. Creative
B. Analytical
In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.
A. A group of same-age peers
B. A representative sample
C. Children with mental disabilities
D. Children of average intelligence
B. A representative sample
The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________.
A. 70
B. 130
C. 85
D. 100
D. 100
Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?
A. Sir Francis Galton
B. Alfred Binet
C. Louis Terman
D. David Wechsler
D. David Wechsler
The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental
retardation.
A. Autism and developmental disabilities
B. Lowered intelligence
C. Intellectual disability
D. Cognitive disruption
C. Intellectual disability
Where does high intelligence come from?
A. Genetics
B. Environment
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
C. Both A and B
Arthur Jensen believed that ________.
A. Genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
B. Environment was solely responsible for intelligence
C. Intelligence level was determined by race
D. IQ tests do not take socioeconomic status into account
A. Genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
What is a learning disability?
A. A developmental disorder
B. A neurological disorder
C. An emotional disorder
D. An intellectual disorder
B. A neurological disorder
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Poverty always affects whether individuals are able to reach their full intellectual potential.
B. An individual’s intelligence is determined solely by the intelligence levels of his siblings.
C. The environment in which an individual is raised is the strongest predictor of her future intelligence
D. There are many factors working together to influence an individual’s intelligence level.
D. There are many factors working together to influence an individual’s intelligence level.
