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chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

A

acquisition

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2
Q

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

A

associative learning

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3
Q

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

A

classical conditioning

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4
Q

mental picture of the layout of the environment

A

cognitive map

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5
Q

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

A

conditioned response (CR)

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6
Q

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

A

conditioned stimulus (CS)

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7
Q

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

A

continuous reinforcement

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8
Q

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

A

extinction

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9
Q

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

A

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

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10
Q

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

A

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

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11
Q

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

A

higher-order conditioning

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12
Q

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

A

instinct

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13
Q

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

A

latent learning

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14
Q

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

A

law of effect

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15
Q

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

A

learning

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

A

acquisition

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18
Q

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

A

associative learning

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19
Q

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

A

classical conditioning

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20
Q

mental picture of the layout of the environment

A

cognitive map

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21
Q

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

A

conditioned response (CR)

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22
Q

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

A

conditioned stimulus (CS)

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23
Q

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

A

continuous reinforcement

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24
Q

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

A

extinction

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25
Q

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

A

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

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26
Q

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

A

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

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27
Q

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

A

higher-order conditioning

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28
Q

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

A

instinct

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29
Q

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

A

latent learning

30
Q

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

A

law of effect

31
Q

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

A

learning

32
Q

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

A

model

33
Q

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

A

negative punishment

34
Q

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

A

negative reinforcement

35
Q

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

A

neutral stimulus (NS)

36
Q

type of learning that occurs by watching others

A

observational learning

37
Q

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

A

operant conditioning

38
Q

rewarding behavior only some of the time

A

partial reinforcement

39
Q

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

A

positive punishment

40
Q

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

A

positive reinforcement

41
Q

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

A

primary reinforcer

42
Q

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

A

punishment

43
Q

staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations

A

radical behaviorism

44
Q

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

A

reflex

45
Q

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

A

reinforcement

46
Q

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

A

secondary reinforcer

47
Q

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

A

shaping

48
Q

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

A

spontaneous recovery

49
Q

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

A

stimulus discrimination

50
Q

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus generalization

51
Q

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

A

unconditioned response (UCR)

52
Q

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

A

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

53
Q

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

A

variable interval reinforcement schedule

54
Q

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

A

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

55
Q

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior

A

vicarious punishment

56
Q

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior

A

vicarious reinforcement

57
Q

An example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

A

infant sucking on a nipple

58
Q

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

A

occurs as a result of experience

59
Q

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

A

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

60
Q

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

A

classical conditioning

61
Q

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

A

neutral stimulus

62
Q

In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ______.

A

stimulus generalization

63
Q

Extinction occurs when ________.

A

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

64
Q

In Pavlov’s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.

A

conditioned responses

65
Q

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

A

negative punishment

66
Q

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?

A

money

67
Q

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

A

shaping

68
Q

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

A

variable ratio

69
Q

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

A

model

70
Q

In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.

A

kicked and threw the doll

71
Q

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

A

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

72
Q

Who proposed observational learning?

A

Albert Bandura

psychology (8 decks)

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