chapter 6 Flashcards
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
acquisition
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
associative learning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
classical conditioning
mental picture of the layout of the environment
cognitive map
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS)
rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
continuous reinforcement
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
extinction
behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
higher-order conditioning
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
instinct
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
latent learning
behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
law of effect
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
learning
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
acquisition
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
associative learning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
classical conditioning
mental picture of the layout of the environment
cognitive map
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS)
rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
continuous reinforcement
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
extinction
behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
higher-order conditioning
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
instinct
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
latent learning
behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
law of effect
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
learning
person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)
model
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
negative punishment
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
negative reinforcement
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
neutral stimulus (NS)
type of learning that occurs by watching others
observational learning
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
operant conditioning
rewarding behavior only some of the time
partial reinforcement
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
positive punishment
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
positive reinforcement
has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)
primary reinforcer
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
punishment
staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations
radical behaviorism
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
reflex
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior
reinforcement
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)
secondary reinforcer
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
shaping
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
stimulus discrimination
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
unconditioned response (UCR)
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
variable interval reinforcement schedule
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior
vicarious punishment
process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior
vicarious reinforcement
An example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?
infant sucking on a nipple
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.
occurs as a result of experience
Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
classical conditioning
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.
neutral stimulus
In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ______.
stimulus generalization
Extinction occurs when ________.
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
In Pavlov’s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.
conditioned responses
________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.
negative punishment
Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?
money
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.
shaping
Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.
model
In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.
kicked and threw the doll
Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Who proposed observational learning?
Albert Bandura
