Chapter 10 Flashcards
wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal
Motivation
motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards
Intrinsic motivation
motivation that arises from external factors or rewards
Extrinsic motivation
species-specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned
Instinct
deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis
Drive theory
pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage
Habit
simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower
Yerkes-Dodson law
individual’s belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task
Self-efficacy
spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization
Hierarchy of needs
fullness; satisfaction
Satiation
satiety hormone
Leptin
amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time
Metabolic rate
assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change
Set-point theory
adult with a BMI between 25 and 29.9
Overweight
adult with a BMI of 30 or higher
Obese
adult with a BMI over 40
Morbid obesity
type of surgery that modifies the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed
Bariatric surgery
type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
Bulimia nervosa
type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating and associated distress
Binge eating disorder
eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise
Anorexia nervosa
individuals view themselves as overweight even though they are not
Distorted body image
emotional and erotic attraction to same-sexed individuals, opposite-sexed individuals, or both
Sexual orientation
emotional and erotic attractions to same-sexed individuals
Homosexual
emotional and erotic attractions to opposite-sexed individuals
Heterosexual
emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals
Bisexual
divided into 4 phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Sexual response cycle
phase of the sexual response cycle that involves sexual arousal
Excitement
phase of the sexual response cycle that falls between excitement and orgasm
Plateau
peak phase of the sexual response cycle associated with rhythmic muscle contractions (and ejaculation)
Orgasm
phase of the sexual response cycle following orgasm during which the body returns to its unaroused state
Resolution
time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm
Refractory period
individual’s sense of being male or female
Gender identity
diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify as the gender associated with their biological sex
Gender dysphoria
use of hormones to make one’s body look more like the opposite-sex
Transgender hormone therapy
subjective state of being often described as feelings
Emotion
physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience
Components of emotion
emotions arise from physiological arousal
James-Lange theory of emotion
physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion
lie detector test that measures physiological arousal of individuals as they answer a series of questions
Polygraph
our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus
Cognitive-mediational theory
part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory
Basolateral complex
part of the brain involved in attention and has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems’ activity
Central nucleus
one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable
Cultural display rule
emotional expression through body position or movement
Body language
happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, anger
7 universal facial expressions
Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.
affiliation
________ proposed the hierarchy of needs.
Abraham Maslow
________ is an individual’s belief in her capability to complete some task.
self-efficacy
Carl mows the yard of his elderly neighbor each week for $20. What type of motivation is this?
extrinsic
According to your reading, nearly ________ of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese.
one third
________ is a chemical messenger secreted by fat cells that acts as an appetite suppressant.
leptin
________ is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed.
bulimia nervosa
In order to be classified as morbidly obese, an adult must have a BMI of ________.
40 or more
Animal research suggests that in male rats the ________ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for the motivation to do so.
medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus
During the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, individuals experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvis that are accompanied by uterine contractions in women and ejaculation in men
orgasm
Which of the following findings was not a result of the Kinsey study?
Sexual desire and sexual ability can be separate functions
If someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he could be classified as experiencing ________.
gender dysphoria
Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder have been shown to have reduced volumes of the ________.
hippocampus
According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.
James-Lange
Which of the following is not one of the seven universal emotions described in this chapter?
melancholy
Which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another?
James-Lange theory
