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psychology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal

A

Motivation

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2
Q

motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards

A

Intrinsic motivation

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3
Q

motivation that arises from external factors or rewards

A

Extrinsic motivation

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4
Q

species-specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned

A

Instinct

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5
Q

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis

A

Drive theory

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6
Q

pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage

A

Habit

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7
Q

simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower

A

Yerkes-Dodson law

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8
Q

individual’s belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task

A

Self-efficacy

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9
Q

spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization

A

Hierarchy of needs

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10
Q

fullness; satisfaction

A

Satiation

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11
Q

satiety hormone

A

Leptin

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12
Q

amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time

A

Metabolic rate

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13
Q

assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change

A

Set-point theory

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14
Q

adult with a BMI between 25 and 29.9

A

Overweight

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14
Q

adult with a BMI of 30 or higher

A

Obese

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15
Q

adult with a BMI over 40

A

Morbid obesity

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16
Q

type of surgery that modifies the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed

A

Bariatric surgery

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17
Q

type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

A

Bulimia nervosa

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18
Q

type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating and associated distress

A

Binge eating disorder

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19
Q

eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise

A

Anorexia nervosa

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20
Q

individuals view themselves as overweight even though they are not

A

Distorted body image

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21
Q

emotional and erotic attraction to same-sexed individuals, opposite-sexed individuals, or both

A

Sexual orientation

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22
Q

emotional and erotic attractions to same-sexed individuals

A

Homosexual

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23
Q

emotional and erotic attractions to opposite-sexed individuals

A

Heterosexual

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24
Q

emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals

A

Bisexual

25
Q

divided into 4 phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

A

Sexual response cycle

26
Q

phase of the sexual response cycle that involves sexual arousal

A

Excitement

27
Q

phase of the sexual response cycle that falls between excitement and orgasm

A

Plateau

28
Q

peak phase of the sexual response cycle associated with rhythmic muscle contractions (and ejaculation)

A

Orgasm

29
Q

phase of the sexual response cycle following orgasm during which the body returns to its unaroused state

A

Resolution

30
Q

time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm

A

Refractory period

31
Q

individual’s sense of being male or female

A

Gender identity

32
Q

diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify as the gender associated with their biological sex

A

Gender dysphoria

33
Q

use of hormones to make one’s body look more like the opposite-sex

A

Transgender hormone therapy

34
Q

subjective state of being often described as feelings

A

Emotion

35
Q

physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience

A

Components of emotion

36
Q

emotions arise from physiological arousal

A

James-Lange theory of emotion

37
Q

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time

A

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

38
Q

emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive

A

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion

39
Q

lie detector test that measures physiological arousal of individuals as they answer a series of questions

A

Polygraph

40
Q

our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus

A

Cognitive-mediational theory

41
Q

part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory

A

Basolateral complex

42
Q

part of the brain involved in attention and has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems’ activity

A

Central nucleus

43
Q

one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable

A

Cultural display rule

44
Q

emotional expression through body position or movement

A

Body language

45
Q

happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, anger

A

7 universal facial expressions

46
Q

Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.

A

affiliation

47
Q

________ proposed the hierarchy of needs.

A

Abraham Maslow

48
Q

________ is an individual’s belief in her capability to complete some task.

A

self-efficacy

49
Q

Carl mows the yard of his elderly neighbor each week for $20. What type of motivation is this?

A

extrinsic

50
Q

According to your reading, nearly ________ of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese.

A

one third

51
Q

________ is a chemical messenger secreted by fat cells that acts as an appetite suppressant.

A

leptin

52
Q

________ is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed.

A

bulimia nervosa

53
Q

In order to be classified as morbidly obese, an adult must have a BMI of ________.

A

40 or more

54
Q

Animal research suggests that in male rats the ________ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for the motivation to do so.

A

medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus

55
Q

During the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, individuals experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvis that are accompanied by uterine contractions in women and ejaculation in men

A

orgasm

56
Q

Which of the following findings was not a result of the Kinsey study?

A

Sexual desire and sexual ability can be separate functions

57
Q

If someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he could be classified as experiencing ________.

A

gender dysphoria

58
Q

Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder have been shown to have reduced volumes of the ________.

A

hippocampus

59
Q

According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.

A

James-Lange

59
Q

Which of the following is not one of the seven universal emotions described in this chapter?

A

melancholy

60
Q

Which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another?

A

James-Lange theory

psychology (8 decks)

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