Chapter 4 Flashcards
Type of brain wave characteristic during the early part of NREM stage 1 sleep, which has fairly low amplitude and a frequency of 8-12 Hz
Alpha wave
type of brain wave characteristic during wakefulness, which has a very low amplitude and a frequency of 13-30 Hz
Beta wave
Internal cycle of biological activity
biological rhythm
lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
Cataplexy
sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing
Central sleep apnea
biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours
Circadian Rythm
opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain
Codeine
psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia
Cognitive behavioral therapy
theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung
collective unconscious
awareness of internal and external stimuli
consciousness
device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways, forcing them to remain open
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
type of brain wave characteristic during stage 3 NREM sleep, which has a high amplitude and low frequency of less than 3 Hz
delta wave
drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
depressant
feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use
euphoric high
discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection hallucinogen
evolutionary psychology
one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations
Hallucinogen
tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
homeostasis
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
hypnosis
consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month’s time
insomnia
collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
jet lag
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli
K-complex
hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud’s view of the function of dreams
latent content
people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream’s content
lucid dream
storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud’s view of the function of dreams
manifest content
clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus
meditation
hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle
melatonin
study that combines the results of several related studies
meta-analysis
synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
methadone
uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
methadone clinic
type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused
methamphetamine
sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times
narcolepsy
sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment
night terror
period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
non-REM (NREM)
sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway
obstructive sleep apnea
one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
opiate/opioid
one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
parasomnia
changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use
physical dependence
endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin
pineal gland
emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress
psychological dependence
period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs
restless leg syndrome
work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
rotating shift work
state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness
sleep
sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep
sleep apnea
result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
sleep debt
sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep
sleep rebound
brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world
sleep regulation
rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory
sleep spindle
(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors
sleepwalking
first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep
stage 1 sleep
second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles
stage 2 sleep
third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
stage 3 sleep
fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
stage 4 sleep
drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
stimulant
infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
area of the hypothalamus in which the body’s biological clock is located
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
type of brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 NREM sleep, which has a moderately low amplitude and a frequency of 4-7 Hz
theta wave
state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect
tolerance
characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
wakefulness
variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
withdrawal
- The body’s biological clock is located in the ________.
hypothalamus
________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.
sleep debt
________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.
circadian
________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.
Light-dark exposure
Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.
pituitary gland
The ________ plays a role in controlling slow wave sleep.
hypothalamus and thalamus
________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.
melatonin
________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.
slow-wave sleep
________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep.
stage 3 and stage 4
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.
stage 2
Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.
depression
The ________ content of a dream refers to the TRUE meaning of the dream.
manifest
________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.
cataplexy
An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.
central sleep apnea
The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.
narcolepsy
________ is another word for sleepwalking.
somnambulism
________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.
reuptake
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.
dopamine
________ refers to drug craving.
psychological dependence
LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.
serotonin
________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.
hypnosis
________ has its roots in religious practice.
meditation
Meditation may be helpful in ________.
pain management and stress control
Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ________.
hypnosis
