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psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Type of brain wave characteristic during the early part of NREM stage 1 sleep, which has fairly low amplitude and a frequency of 8-12 Hz

A

Alpha wave

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2
Q

type of brain wave characteristic during wakefulness, which has a very low amplitude and a frequency of 13-30 Hz

A

Beta wave

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3
Q

Internal cycle of biological activity

A

biological rhythm

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4
Q

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

A

Cataplexy

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5
Q

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

A

Central sleep apnea

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6
Q

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

A

Circadian Rythm

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7
Q

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

A

Codeine

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8
Q

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy

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9
Q

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

A

collective unconscious

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10
Q

awareness of internal and external stimuli

A

consciousness

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11
Q

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways, forcing them to remain open

A

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

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12
Q

type of brain wave characteristic during stage 3 NREM sleep, which has a high amplitude and low frequency of less than 3 Hz

A

delta wave

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13
Q

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

A

depressant

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14
Q

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

A

euphoric high

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15
Q

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection hallucinogen

A

evolutionary psychology

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16
Q

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

A

Hallucinogen

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17
Q

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

A

homeostasis

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18
Q

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

A

hypnosis

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19
Q

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month’s time

A

insomnia

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20
Q

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

A

jet lag

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21
Q

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

A

K-complex

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22
Q

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud’s view of the function of dreams

A

latent content

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23
Q

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream’s content

A

lucid dream

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24
Q

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud’s view of the function of dreams

A

manifest content

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25
Q

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

A

meditation

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26
Q

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

A

melatonin

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27
Q

study that combines the results of several related studies

A

meta-analysis

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28
Q

synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

A

methadone

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29
Q

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

A

methadone clinic

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30
Q

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

A

methamphetamine

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31
Q

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

A

narcolepsy

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32
Q

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

A

night terror

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33
Q

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

non-REM (NREM)

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34
Q

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

A

obstructive sleep apnea

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35
Q

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

A

opiate/opioid

36
Q

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

A

parasomnia

37
Q

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

A

physical dependence

38
Q

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

A

pineal gland

39
Q

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

A

psychological dependence

40
Q

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

A

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

41
Q

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

A

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

42
Q

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

A

restless leg syndrome

43
Q

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

A

rotating shift work

44
Q

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

A

sleep

45
Q

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

A

sleep apnea

46
Q

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

A

sleep debt

47
Q

sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

A

sleep rebound

48
Q

brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

A

sleep regulation

49
Q

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

A

sleep spindle

50
Q

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

A

sleepwalking

51
Q

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

A

stage 1 sleep

52
Q

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

A

stage 2 sleep

53
Q

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

A

stage 3 sleep

54
Q

fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

A

stage 4 sleep

55
Q

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

A

stimulant

56
Q

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

A

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

57
Q

area of the hypothalamus in which the body’s biological clock is located

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

58
Q

type of brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 NREM sleep, which has a moderately low amplitude and a frequency of 4-7 Hz

A

theta wave

59
Q

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

A

tolerance

60
Q

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

A

wakefulness

61
Q

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

A

withdrawal

62
Q
  1. The body’s biological clock is located in the ________.
A

hypothalamus

63
Q

________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.

A

sleep debt

64
Q

________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.

A

circadian

65
Q

________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.

A

Light-dark exposure

66
Q

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.

A

pituitary gland

67
Q

The ________ plays a role in controlling slow wave sleep.

A

hypothalamus and thalamus

68
Q

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.

A

melatonin

69
Q

________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.

A

slow-wave sleep

70
Q

________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep.

A

stage 3 and stage 4

71
Q

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.

A

stage 2

72
Q

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.

A

depression

73
Q

The ________ content of a dream refers to the TRUE meaning of the dream.

A

manifest

74
Q

________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.

A

cataplexy

75
Q

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.

A

central sleep apnea

76
Q

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.

A

narcolepsy

77
Q

________ is another word for sleepwalking.

A

somnambulism

78
Q

________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.

A

reuptake

79
Q

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.

A

dopamine

80
Q

________ refers to drug craving.

A

psychological dependence

81
Q

LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.

A

serotonin

82
Q

________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.

A

hypnosis

83
Q

________ has its roots in religious practice.

A

meditation

84
Q

Meditation may be helpful in ________.

A

pain management and stress control

85
Q

Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ________.

A

hypnosis

psychology (8 decks)

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