Chapter 8 Flashcards
Islam means:
Submission to God
Followers of Islam are called muslims, meaning:
One who submits
The framework of Muslim life is in the 5 Pillars of Islam
- The Shahada (Testimony of Faith)
- Salat (Daily prayer)
- Giving Zakat (Support of the needy)
- Fast of Ramadan
- Hajj or prlgrimage to Mecca
Muslims viewed Muhammad as the ________
Prophet
Revelations, _________, The holy scripture of Islam
Qur’an
Jihad:
Striving in the way of God
Islamic Expansion: _________________________________________, Muhammad united the tribes as one large tribe
Persuasion, negotiation and force
External Factors:
The Byzantines and Sassanid empires were exhausted from just having fought a bitter war against each other.
Spiritual leader of Islam, claims succession from Muhammad
Caliph
The division of Islam:
-Sunni
-Shi’ites
The loss of the Balkans effectively cut the Byzantines off ____________ and _______________ from the former western empire
Culturally, economically
The Byzantines were able to repel the Muslim invasion and stabilize their empire with the introduction of a powerful new weapon called “____________”
Greek Fire
The Byzantine emperors broke the empire into military districts called Themes, each Theme was led by a general called _____________
Strategos
Western Europe resulting from the collapse of Rome, institutions and the increasing association between politics and religion:
The king sought to bolster their authority through religious means
The pope who had conflicts with the Byzantine emperor over….
increasing taxes, priestly marriages and the worship of icons
_______________ will rank among the most powerful men in Merovingian society
Catholic Bishops
Charles Martel called ______________
Charles the Hammer
Between 721-725 Martel defeated and incorporated Newtria and Burgundy :
Critical source of man power and resources (Wealth)
During the early middle ages, troops were only available….
After the crops had been planted and before harvest time
Martel paid for his new army by:
Confiscating church properties and land
Christians simply call ALL muslims _____________
Saracen
_____________ was the strength of Abdul-Rahman Al Ghafiqi army
Cavalry
The strength of the frank army was its ________________________
Infantry foot solider
Part of Charles Martel’s military brilliance:
His ability to pick the time and place of his battles
The turning point:
Abdul-Rahman Al Ghafiqi was killed
Martel became the master of Western Europe and the _________________
Defender of the Faith
Charles Martel’s grandson ________________ was the greatest king of the middle ages
Charlemagne
Significance of the Battle of Tours:
The decisive turning point in the struggle against Islam, a struggle which preserved christianity as the religion of Europe
