Chapter 8

Question 1

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.

Answer 1

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 2

The study of energy in the human body.

Answer 2

bioenergetics

Question 3

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself.

Answer 3

metabolism

Question 4

The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.

Answer 4

exercise metabolism

Question 5

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely converted from one form to another.

Answer 5

first law of thermodynamics

Question 6

Food substances required in large amounts to supply energy and include protein, carbohydrate, and fat.

Answer 6

macronutrients

Question 7

Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.

Answer 7

substrates

Question 8

The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy.

Answer 8

glucose

Question 9

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

Answer 9

glycogen

Question 10

The point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources.

Answer 10

ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)

Question 11

The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity.

Answer 11

ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)

Question 12

One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. Fats help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body. In food, there are two types of fats: saturated and unsaturated.

Answer 12

fats

Question 13

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.

Answer 13

triglyceride

Question 14

The by-products of the breakdown of stored or consumed fats, metabolized exclusively via the aerobic pathway, which uses oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate.

Answer 14

free fatty acids

Question 15

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds; the building blocks of body tissues.

Answer 15

protein

Question 16

Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine essential amino acids.

Answer 16

essential amino acid (EAA)

Question 17

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet.

Answer 17

nonessential amino acids

Question 18

When calorie intake is lower than the number of calories expended.

Answer 18

negative energy balance

Question 19

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).

Answer 19

gluconeogenesis

Question 20

The formation of ketone bodies from nonfat sources, such as certain amino acids.

Answer 20

ketogenesis

Question 21

Water-soluble molecules produced in the liver as a result of fatty acid oxidation. They can then be oxidized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate.

Answer 21

ketone bodies

Question 22

A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support.

Answer 22

ketosis

Question 23

Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form.

Answer 23

exogenous ketones

Question 24

The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes.

Answer 24

insulin resistance

Question 25

Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies such as seen in type 1 diabetes or severe insulin resistance.

Answer 25

ketoacidosis

Question 26

The physical processes that move the body and keep it alive, such as muscle contraction.

Answer 26

mechanical work

Question 27

A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate is formed.

Answer 27

adenosine phosphate (ADP)

Question 28

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, such as in the transfer of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate to create adenosine triphosphate.

Answer 28

phosphorylation

Question 29

An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism.

Answer 29

ATP - PC system

Question 30

Processes relating to the absence of oxygen.

Answer 30

anaerobic

Question 31

A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate. Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Answer 31

glycolysis

Question 32

A series of reactions inside the mitochondria that uses oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate.

Answer 32

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 33

Processes relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen.

Answer 33

aerobic

Question 34

The breakdown of amino acids into substrates that can be used for energy metabolism.

Answer 34

deamination

Question 35

The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.

Answer 35

mitochondria

Question 36

A series of protein complexes that transfer protons and electrons received from the citric acid cycle through a series of reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.

Answer 36

electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 37

Produced by the breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis and by the fatty acids through beta-oxidation and is the precursor for these substrates to the citric acid cycle.

Answer 37

acetyl coenzyme A

Question 38

The first step in the process to break down fats via oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 38

beta-oxidation

Question 39

Aerobic exercise that remains at a relatively constant intensity, including a stable heart rate and oxygen consumption.

Answer 39

steady-state aerobic exercise

Question 40

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise.

Answer 40

excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Question 41

The total amount of energy expended in one day.

Answer 41

total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)

Question 42

One food calorie. Also, the amount of energy needed to raise one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius.

Answer 42

kilocalorie (kcal)

Question 43

The rate at which the body expends energy (calories) when fasted and at complete rest, such as asleep or lying quietly.

Answer 43

resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Question 44

The calories expended through structured exercise or training.

Answer 44

exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT)

Question 45

The energy required to digest, absorb, and process nutrients that are consumed.

Answer 45

thermic effect of food (TEF)

Question 46

Energy expenditure through daily activities outside of structured exercise, such as walking, completing household chores, and taking the stairs.

Answer 46

nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

Question 47

The number of calories a person expends through physical activity and structured exercise.

Answer 47

physical activity level (PAL)

Question 48

A measurement used to describe the energy cost of physical activity as multiples of resting metabolic rate. One MET is 3.5 mL of oxygen consumption per kilogram per minute.

Answer 48

metabolic equivalent (MET)