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CPT > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

A

Human Movement System (HMS)

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2
Q

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

A

kinetic chain

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3
Q

The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.

A

regional interdependence model

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4
Q

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.

A

biomechanics

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5
Q

Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.

A

kinesiology

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6
Q

The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward. It is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature.

A

anatomic position

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7
Q

Movement of a limb that is visible.

A

osteokinematics

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8
Q

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

A

arthrokinematics

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9
Q

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.

A

sagittal plane

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10
Q

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

A

flexion

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11
Q

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

A

extension

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12
Q

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

A

hyperextension

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13
Q

Flexion occurring at the ankle.

A

dorsiflexion

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14
Q

Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.

A

planter flexion

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15
Q

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane includes abduction, adduction, and side-to-side motions.

A

frontal plane

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16
Q

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

A

abduction

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17
Q

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.

A

adduction

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18
Q

Bending of the spine from side to side.

A

lateral flexion

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19
Q

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward.

A

eversion

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20
Q

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward.

A

inversion

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21
Q

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

A

transverse plane

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22
Q

Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body.

A

internal rotation

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23
Q

Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body.

A

external rotation

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24
Q

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.

A

horizontal abduction

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25
Q

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.

A

horizontal adduction

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26
Q

Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position.

A

radioulnar pronation

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27
Q

Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position.

A

radioulnar supination

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28
Q

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction.

A

pronation of the foot

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29
Q

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production.

A

supination of the foot

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30
Q

Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting.

A

gait

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31
Q

Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline.

A

scapular retraction

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32
Q

Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.

A

scapular protraction

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33
Q

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae.

A

scapular depression

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34
Q

Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae.

A

scapular elevation

35
Q

The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched.

A

elasticity

36
Q

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

A

ligament

37
Q

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint.

A

flexibility

38
Q

A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint.

A

hypermobility

39
Q

When range of motion at a joint is limited.

A

hypomobility

40
Q

A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.

A

eccentric muscle action

41
Q

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.

A

motor unit

42
Q

A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle.

A

concentric muscle action

43
Q

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.

A

isometric muscle action

44
Q

The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint.

A

core

45
Q

The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement.

A

muscle action spectrum

46
Q

The primary muscles providing force for a movement.

A

agonists

47
Q

Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement.

A

synergists

48
Q

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves.

A

stabilizers

49
Q

When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement.

A

feed-forward activation

50
Q

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles.

A

antagonists

51
Q

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

A

force

52
Q

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

A

length-tension relationship

53
Q

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched.

A

resting length

54
Q

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

A

actin

55
Q

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

A

myosin

56
Q

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

A

sarcomere

57
Q

When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position.

A

muscle balance

58
Q

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.

A

altered length-tension relationship

59
Q

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.

A

reciprocal inhibition

60
Q

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

A

altered reciprocal inhibition

61
Q

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

A

muscle imbalance

62
Q

The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion.

A

neutral position

63
Q

Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction.

A

stretch-shortening cycle

64
Q

Spring like noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy.

A

series elastic component

65
Q

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.

A

amortization phase

66
Q

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

A

stretch reflex

67
Q

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).

A

integrated performance paradigm

68
Q

A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

A

tendon

69
Q

The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint.

A

force-couple relationship

70
Q

Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine.

A

joint support systems

71
Q

Movement of the bones around the joints.

A

rotary motion

72
Q

A force that produces rotation; common unit of measurement is the Newton meter (Nm).

A

torque

73
Q

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

A

motor behavior

74
Q

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

A

motor control

75
Q

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior.

A

motor learning

76
Q

Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span.

A

motor development

77
Q

Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement.

A

muscle synergies

78
Q

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

A

mechanoreceptors

79
Q

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

A

proprioception

80
Q

Cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.

A

sensorimotor integration

81
Q

Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.

A

feedback

82
Q

Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

A

internal feedback

83
Q

Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.

A

external feedback

84
Q

The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion.

A

neuromuscular efficiency

CPT (9 decks)

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