Chapter 6 Flashcards
A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs, and airways.
cardiorespiratory system
A system of the body, also known as the circulatory system, that transports blood to tissues of the body.
cardiovascular system
Chamber within the chest that contains the heart and lungs.
thoracic cavity
The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest (e.g., heart, esophagus) except the lungs.
mediastinum
Muscle of the heart.
cardiac muscle
The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.
skeletal muscle
An involuntary nonstriated muscle type that is found in organs.
smooth muscle
The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within what?
myofibrils
The structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.
sarcomere
Superior chamber(s) of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart.
atrium (atria)
Inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and body.
ventricle
Found in the heart, these formations help hold together muscle cells
intercalated disc
The number of heart beats per minute while at complete rest.
resting heart rate (RHR)
Located in the right atrium, this node initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat.
sinoatrial (SA) node
Located between the atria and ventricles, this node delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles.
atrioventricular (AV) node
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.
stroke volume
The filled volume of the ventricle before contraction.
end-diastolic volume
The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection.
end-systolic volume
The measurement of the number of times a heart beats within a specified time period (usually 1 minute).
heart rate (HR)
When the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute.
bradycardia
When the heart rate is greater than 100 beats per minute.
tachycardia
The overall performance of the heart (heart rate × stroke volume).
cardiac output (Q)
Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; it carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also transports waste products from the body to other compartments or organs for either processing (e.g., liver) or excretion (e.g., kidney).
blood
Substances within the blood that attach to cells, aid in growth and development, and help with healing after injury
growth factors
Cells within the body that divide and develop into specialized cells, such as brain cells, blood cells, heart cells, and bone cells.
stem cells
Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body.
blood vessels
carry blood away from the heart and to the lungs.
arteries
The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.
capillaries
Vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and then to the lungs.
veins
Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries.
arterioles
Small veins that allows blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins.
venules
The formation of new capillaries.
vasculogenesis
The formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels.
angiogenesis
Supplies blood to the brain via the neck
carotid artery
Supplies blood to both arms
subclavian artery
Supply blood to the digestive system
mesenteric artery
Supply blood to both kidneys
renal artery
Supply blood to the pelvic and reproductive organs
iliac artery
Smallest blood vessels in the body
capillaries
The accumulation of blood into the extremities due to slow blood flow though the veins (venous return) or backflow.
venous pooling
The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; reported as systolic/ diastolic.
blood pressure
The amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for blood to flow.
peripheral resistance
___ (large vessels) and ___ (medium vessels) carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart and then out into the body
arteries, arterioles
___ (large vessels) and ___ (medium vessels_ carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and then to the lungs
veins, venules
___ (smallest vessels) are the sites of nutrients exchange in bodily tissues where arterioles and venules meet.
capillaries
Consistently elevated blood pressure.
hypertension
A bodily system, also known as the pulmonary system, that brings oxygen into the lungs from breathed air while removing carbon dioxide from the lungs into the outside air; includes airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles.
respiratory system
Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow for proper respiratory mechanics as well as pumping blood back to the heart during inspiration.
respiratory pump
The process of contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body.
inspiration
The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body.
expiration
A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability.
valsalva maneuver
The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.
diffusion
Respiratory rate that is too fast; greater than 24 breaths per minute.
tachypnea
Respiratory rate that is too slow; fewer than 8 breaths per minute.
bradypnea
Shortness of breath or labored breathing.
dyspnea
Breathing deeply by allowing the expansion of the abdominal area.
diaphragmatic breathing
The breakdown and utilization of fat for energy.
Lipolysis
A substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change.
enzyme
Organs that release substances into the bloodstream (such as hormones) or other surface of the body.
glands
Chemical messenger released from a gland that travels to cells to activate a specific function.
Hormone
Cell that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme. Target cells exert an action after being stimulated or activated.
target (receptor) cell
A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland.
hypothalamus
A small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep cycles.
pineal gland
An organ with numerous functions, including the production of insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices.
pancreas
An endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin.
thyroid gland
An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone.
pituitary gland
A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol.
adrenal gland
Glands, such as the ovaries or testes, that serve sex-specific functions.
reproductive glands
A hormone secreted by the pancreas that is responsible for glucose metabolism.
insulin
A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin.
glucagon
Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.
substrates
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.
glycogen
An anabolic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is responsible for growth and development.
growth hormone
Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response.
catecholamines
Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy.
catabolic
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).
gluconeogenesis
Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in reduction of performance, which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery.
overtraining
A hormone producing secondary male sex characteristics.
testosterone
Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues.
anabolic
Anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development.
insulin-like growth factors (IGF)
The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest.
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Thyroid hormone that helps the body use calcium properly to aid with maintaining bone mineral density.
calcitonin
A condition that results in elevated blood glucose levels.
glucose intolerance
An organ found below the liver, on the right side of the body, that receives bile from the liver and secretes it into the duodenum.
gal bladder
An organ in the upper-right abdominal cavity with numerous functions, including the production and secretion of bile, which is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder prior to release into the duodenum.
liver
In the digestive system, refers to movements of the anatomical structures that allow contents to pass through.
motility
The mechanical process whereby the oral muscles break down food.
mastication
The muscle action of the gastrointestinal system that pushes food through the body during digestion.
peristalsis
Multistep process that describes the passage of food through the body.
digestion
The process of nutrients being absorbed into the body during the digestive process.
absorption
The anatomical part of the digestive tract that allows food to pass from oral cavity to stomach.
esophagus
The act of taking food, liquid, or other substances into the body in preparation for digestion.
ingestion
A semifluid mass of digested food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine.
chyme
Part of the small intestine that resides between the stomach and the jejunum.
duodenum
Part of the small intestine that resides between the duodenum and the ileum.
jejunum
The final section of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum and leads to the large intestine.
ileum
