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CPT > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

A

human movement system (HMS)

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2
Q

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

A

kinetic chain

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3
Q

A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.

A

nervous system

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4
Q

Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.

A

neuron

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5
Q

Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes.

A

nucleus

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6
Q

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

organelles

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7
Q

The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.

A

effector sites

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9
Q

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

A

electrolytes

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10
Q

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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11
Q

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

A

peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

A

afferent pathway

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13
Q

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

A

efferent pathway

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14
Q

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.

A

interneurons

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15
Q

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

A

mechanoreceptors

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16
Q

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

A

somatic nervous system

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17
Q

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

A

autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

A

sympathetic nervous system

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19
Q

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

A

sensory function

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21
Q

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

A

proprioception

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22
Q

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.

A

integrative function

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23
Q

The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.

A

motor function

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24
Q

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

A

muscle spindles

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25
Q

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

A

stretch reflex

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26
Q

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

A

golgi tendon organ

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27
Q

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

A

joint receptors

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28
Q

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span.

A

Neuroplasticity

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29
Q

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

A

Neurocircuitry

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30
Q

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.

A

motor skills

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31
Q

A description of the bones of the body.

A

skeletal system

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32
Q

A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.

A

osteoporosis

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33
Q

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction.

A

joints

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34
Q

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.

A

axial skeleton

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35
Q

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.

A

appendicular skeleton

36
Q

Rigid rods where muscles attach.

A

levers

37
Q

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.

A

remodeling

38
Q

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

A

osteoclasts

39
Q

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

A

osteoblasts

40
Q

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.

A

Wolff’s law

41
Q

Flattened or indented portions of bone.

A

depressions (fossa)

42
Q

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach.

A

processes

43
Q

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions.

A

vertebral column

44
Q

Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae.

A

spinal cord

45
Q

Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.

A

intervertebral discs

46
Q

Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.

A

neutral spine

47
Q

Movement of a limb that is visible.

A

osteokinematics

48
Q

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

A

arthrokinematics

49
Q

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule.

A

synovial joints

50
Q

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.

A

nonaxial

51
Q

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

A

nonsynovial joints

52
Q

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

A

ligament

53
Q

A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.

A

collagen

54
Q

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.

A

elastin

55
Q

A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.

A

growth plate

56
Q

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

A

skeletal muscle

57
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones.

A

fascia

58
Q

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”

A

epimysium

59
Q

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle and are surrounded by perimysium.

A

fascicles

60
Q

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.

A

perimysium

61
Q

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.

A

endomysium

62
Q

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

A

glycogen

63
Q

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.

A

myoglobin

64
Q

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within what?

A

myofibrils

65
Q

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.

A

myofilaments

66
Q

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

A

actin

67
Q

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

A

myosin

68
Q

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

A

sarcomere

69
Q

The meeting point of each sarcomere.

A

z-line

70
Q

The nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract.

A

neural activation

71
Q

The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers.

A

neuromuscular junction

72
Q

A junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells.

A

synapse

73
Q

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.

A

motor unit

74
Q

Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.

A

action potential

75
Q

Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission.

A

neurotransmitters

76
Q

A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

77
Q

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.

A

sliding filament history

78
Q

The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction.

A

excitation-contraction coupling

79
Q

The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle.

A

power stroke

80
Q

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

81
Q

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched.

A

resting length

82
Q

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue.

A

type 1 muscle fibers

83
Q

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue.

A

type 2 muscle fibers

84
Q

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.

A

all-or-nothing principle

85
Q

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.

A

capillaries

CPT (9 decks)

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