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biology > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a metabolic pathway?

A

a series of chemical reactions that takes a starting molecule and modifies it through a series of metabolic intermediates, eventually yielding a final product.

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2
Q

what are metabolic pathways composed of?

A

synthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism)

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3
Q

do chemical reactions of metabolic pathways take place on their own?

A

no, each step is catalyzed by an enzyme

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4
Q

what are anabolic reactions?

A

when small molecules combine together to form large molecules

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5
Q

what is an example of an anabolic reaction?

A

photosynthesis

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6
Q

why do anabolic reactions require energy?

A

because this process synthesizes an energy storing molecule

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7
Q

what are catabolic reactions?

A

when a larger molecule breaks down into smaller molecules

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8
Q

what is an example of a catabolic reaction?

A

cellular respiration

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9
Q

why are energy storage molecules, such as glucose, broken down?

A

to release energy

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10
Q

what is thermodynamics?

A

the study of energy and energy transfer regarding physical matter

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11
Q

what is the matter relevant to a particular case of energy transfer called?

A

a system

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12
Q

what is everything outside of the relevant matter called?

A

the surroundings

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13
Q

what is an open system?

A

a system where energy can be exchanged freely with the surroundings

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14
Q

what is a closed system?

A

a system where energy cannot be exchanged freely with the surroundings

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15
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

the total amount of energy in the world is constant and conserved

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16
Q

what performs one of the most biologically useful energy transformations on earth?

A

plants!

17
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

all energy transformations and transfers can never be completely efficient

18
Q

what is the most common lost form of energy?

A

heat energy

19
Q

what kind of energy is lost during metabolic reactions?

A

heat energy

20
Q

what are the two types of energy?

A

kinetic and potential energy

21
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

the energy of motion

22
Q

what is potential energy?

A

energy associated with location and structure of matter

23
Q

what kind of energy is stored in the bonds of food molecules?

A

potential energy

24
Q

what is the potential energy stored in chemical bonds called?

A

chemical energy

25
Q

what are the two types of reactions?

A

exergonic and endergonic

26
Q

what is an exergonic reaction?

A

reactions that have a negative change in free energy, releasing free energy

biology (14 decks)

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