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biology > chapter 15.6 > Flashcards

chapter 15.6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

are chordata deuterostomes or protostomes?

A

all chordata are deutorostomes

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2
Q

do chordata have a notochord?

A

yes, all chordata have a notochord

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3
Q

what is the closest relative of chordata?

A

echinodermata are chordata’s closest relative

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4
Q

how are chordata and echinodermata alike?

A

they both have a unique embryo development

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5
Q

when did the common ancestor of chordata and echinodermata live?

A

around 600-700 million years ago

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6
Q

what do the embryos of chordata have?

A

nerve cords, notochords, gill structures, and post-anal tails

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7
Q

what are nerve cords?

A

hollow cords found along the dorsal in the upper part of the body

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8
Q

what are notochords?

A

flexible rods between digestive tract and nerve cords

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9
Q

what is the purpose of notochords?

A

for support and muscle flexibility attachments

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10
Q

what are gill structures?

A

gill splits in pharynx just behind mouth

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11
Q

what is the purpose of gill structures?

A

for filter feeding, and gas exchange

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12
Q

what is post-anus tail?

A

tail posterior to anus

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13
Q

what is another name for gill structures?

A

pharynx splits

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14
Q

what are the two main groups of chordata?

A

invertebrates and vertebrates

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15
Q

what are the two main groups of invertebrate chordata?

A

tunicates (urochordata) and lancelets (cephalochordata)

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16
Q

how many species of tunicates are there? are they marine or on land?

A

2,000, marine

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17
Q

what are tunicates shaped like?

A

like bags

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18
Q

what kind of feeders are tunicates?

A

they are filter feeders

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19
Q

are the shared characteristics of chordata present in tunicates as embryos?

A

yes

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20
Q

are the shared characteristics of chordata present in tunicates as adults?

A

no, they dissapear in adulthood

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21
Q

how many species of lancelets are there? are they marine or on land?

A

25, they are marine bottom dwellers

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22
Q

are lancelets segmented or non-segmented?

A

segmented

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23
Q

what do lancelets use to swim?

A

their segmented muscles and notochords

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24
Q

do lancelets have open or closed circulatory systems?

A

closed circulatory systems

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25
Q

where are the lancelets eyespots located?

A

near the anterior end

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26
Q

what kind of feeders are lancelets?

A

filter feeders

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27
Q

where are the lancelets filter feeders located?

A

through the gills

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28
Q

do adult lancelet embryos have the shared chordata characteristics?

A

yes

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29
Q

tell us about the water passage through lancelets

A

water enters through the filter feeders in the gills, then collects in the atrium, then exits through atriospore

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30
Q

did vertebrates evolve after invertebrates?

A

after!

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31
Q

what is the most important thing in vertebrates?

A

vertebrates! er backbones

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32
Q

what are the two classes of living jawless fish?

A

hagfishes and lampreys

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33
Q

what is the hagfishes nickname?

A

slimeballs of the sea

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34
Q

do hagfishes have notochords?

A

yes

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35
Q

do hagfishes have any cartilage elements?

A

yes hagfishes have a few cartilage elements

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36
Q

what kind of braincase to hagfishes have?

A

they have a rudimentary braincase

37
Q

is the nerve cord of hagfishes protected?

A

yes, by skeletal elements

38
Q

how many species of hagfishes are there?

A

20 species

39
Q

what do hagfishes eat?

A

they feed on worms and scavenge

40
Q

how many species of lampreys are there?

A

40

41
Q

tell us about the notochord of lampreys…

A

it has a cartilaginous structure

42
Q

what are the nerve chords of lampreys protected by?

A

by cartilage segments

43
Q

do lampreys live in fresh or sea water?

A

there are fresh and sea water species

44
Q

where do lampreys spawn?

A

in fresh water

45
Q

when was the origin of jaws?

A

425 million years ago

46
Q

where did jaws evolve from?

A

they evolved from gill-supporting structures

47
Q

what do jaws allow?

A

they allow a wider range of food sources

48
Q

jawed fish also have what?

A

pectoral and pelvic fins

49
Q

how many species of cartilaginous fish are there?

A

625 marine species

50
Q

what is the skeleton of cartilaginous fish made of?

A

it is made of cartilage

51
Q

what are some of the acute senses of cartilaginous fish?

A

smell and electro sensors

52
Q

what kind of feeders are cartilaginous fish?

A

mostly predators, and a few filter feeders

53
Q

how many chambers does the heart of cartilaginous fish have?

A

two chambers

54
Q

how do cartilaginous fish reproduce?

A

internal fertilization

55
Q

what does ovoviviparious mean?

A

eggs develop within the mother

56
Q

what is the most diverse vertebrate group?

A

bony fish

57
Q

how many species are there in bony fish?

A

30,000 species

58
Q

where are bony fish found?

A

in every watery habitat

59
Q

what are fins?

A

webs of skin supported by bony spines

60
Q

what is the skeleton of bony fish made of?

A

bones duh

61
Q

what are the classes of lobe-finned fish?

A

coelathans and lungfishes

62
Q

lobe-finned fish have skeletons made of?

A

bones

63
Q

the fleshy fins of lobe-finned fish have what?

A

rod-shaped bones, surrounded by muscles

64
Q

how many species of coelathans are there?

A

2

65
Q

how many species of lungfishes are there?

A

6

66
Q

the ancestors of lobe-finned fish led to what?

A

amphibians

67
Q

how many chambers are in the heart of amphibians?

A

three

68
Q

amphibians were abundant during what period?

A

carboniferous period

69
Q

how many species of amphibians are there?

A

6,770

70
Q

amphibians have deformities because of?

A

chemicals

71
Q

why is the population of amphibians declining?

A

habitat destruction, environmental degradation, pesticides, and parasitic diseases

72
Q

what came after amphibians?

A

amniotes

73
Q

what are amniotes?

A

animals that lay eggs on land

74
Q

why do amniotic eggs have shells?

A

to protect the embryo from drying out

75
Q

what is an amnion?

A

membrane with fluid for protection

76
Q

what is a yolk sac?

A

food for amniotic eggs

77
Q

what does the allantois do?

A

collects food

78
Q

what is the albuminum?

A

egg white

79
Q

what is the chorion?

A

membrane under the shell

80
Q

the following are amniotes:

A

reptiles, birds, and mammals

81
Q

amniotes led to two lines, what are they?

A

synapsids and reptiles

82
Q

synapsids led to what?

A

mammals

83
Q

what are some of the classes of reptiles?

A

anapsids, synapsids, and diapsids

84
Q

how many holes are there in the skull of anapsids?

A

none

85
Q

how many holes are there in the skull of synapsids?

A

one

86
Q

how many holes are there in the skull of diapsids?

A

two

87
Q

when did reptiles develop?

A

during the carboniferous period

88
Q

when were reptiles abundant?

A

during the mesozoic

biology (14 decks)

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