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biology > chapter 4 & 5 > Flashcards

chapter 4 & 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do all living cells have?

A

A plasma membrane, Ribosomes, DNA &RNA, and Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What is the Cytoplasm? What does it do?

A

The Cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid in cells. It gives cells structure and is where all organelles float around.

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3
Q

What are the features of the Nucleus?

A

The Nucleus is where all the genetic information is stored, it is surrounded by a double membrane with pores, and connects to the endomembrane system.

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4
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum and what does it do?

A

the ER is a series of interconnected tubules. It modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids.

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5
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

A

It sorts, tags, packs, and distributes lipids and proteins.

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6
Q

What are the key characteristics of Ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are found in all cells and they are responsible for protein synthesis. They typically appear as single dots or clusters of dots floating around in the cell’s cytoplasm.

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7
Q

Tell us about the Powerhouse of the Cell!!

A

Mitochondria! They produce the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). They also have their own DNA and Ribosomes.

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8
Q

Who proposed the cell theory?

A

Botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann.

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9
Q

What did Rudolf Virchow do?

A

He made great contributions to the cell theory.

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10
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A

It says that all living things are composed of one or more cells, that cells are the smallest unit of life, and that new cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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11
Q

What are microscopes used for?

A

To study forms and parts of life

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12
Q

How many types of microscopes are there?

A

Two, light microscopes and scanning and electron microscopes.

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13
Q

What are light microscopes?

A

Microscopes that study both living and dead cells. They use light photons to focus the specimen.

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14
Q

What are scanning and electron microscopes?

A

Microscopes that have higher magnification and higher resolution. But sample preparation kills the specimen, meaning it can only study dead specimens. It uses electrons to focus the specimen.

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15
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Particles that synthesize proteins.

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16
Q

What are the key characteristics of prokaryotes?

A

single-celled organisms that lack a true nucleus or other membrane-bound organelle. They sometimes have flagella, pili, or fimbriae.

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17
Q

What are the key characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

A

Can be single-celled or multicellular organisms, have a true nucleus, and are typically larger than prokaryotes.

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18
Q

What is the typical size of prokaryotes?

A

0.1-0.5 ym

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19
Q

What is the usual size of eukaryotes?

A

10-100 ym.

20
Q

What is the purpose of prokaryotes’ smaller size?

A

Their smaller size helps ions and organic materials to enter and spread through them quickly.

21
Q

What is the purpose of eukaryotes’ larger size?

A

Eukaryotes are larger because they have structural adaptations to help cellular transport.

22
Q

What are the characteristics of eukaryotes?

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, a cytoskeleton, flagella and cilia, chromosomes, mating, and cell walls in some cells.

23
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

The process where one cell gets engulfed by another and both get benefitted from each other.

24
Q

Where can we find evidence for endosymbiotic origin?

A

In mitochondria and in plastids.

25
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

It separates the cell from the outer environment and controls the passage of organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen, and wastes into and out of the cell.

26
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

the location of DNA.

27
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins.

28
Q

What do mitochondria produce?

A

They produce ATP.

29
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Oxidize and break down fatty and amino acids, and detoxify poisons.

30
Q

What is the function of vesicles and vacuoles?

A

Storage and transport, digestive function in plant cells.

31
Q

What is the function of the centrosome?

A

They have an unspecified role in cell division in plant cells; they are the source of microtubules in animal cells.

32
Q

What is the purpose of lysosomes?

A

They digest macromolecules and recycle worn out organelles.

33
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Photosynthesis!

34
Q

flagella?

A

Cellular locomotion

35
Q

What does cilia do?

A

Cellular locomotion, movement of particles along extracellular
surface of plasma membrane, and filtration.

36
Q

One major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol. What is cytosol?

A

A water-based solution that contains ions, small molecules, and macromolecules.

37
Q

Are ribosomes found in all cells?

A

Yes, but they are smaller in prokaryotic cells.

38
Q

What about mitochondria supports endosymbiotic theory?

A

They have their own ribosomes and DNA.

39
Q

Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport, what are their functions?

A

metabolism, transport, buoyancy control, and enzyme storage.

40
Q

What are the three cytoskeletal fibers?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

41
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

The thinnest of the cytoskeletal fibers, they function in moving cellular components.

42
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

they are of intermediate diameter and have structural functions.

43
Q

what are microtubules?

A

they are the thickest of the cytoskeletal fibers, guide organelle movement, and are the structures that pull chromosomes to their poles during cell division.

44
Q

What are flagella?

A

long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma
membrane and are used to move an entire cell.

45
Q

What are cili?

A

When cilia (singular = cilium) are present, however, they are many in number and extend along the entire surface of the plasma membrane.

biology (14 decks)

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