Chapter 8

Question 1

Experimental control

Answer 1

Includes the ability to:
1. manipulate one or more independent variables

2. choose the types of dependent variables that will be measured, and how and when they will be measured so that the effects of the independent variables can be assessed
3. regulate other aspects of the research environment, including the manner in which participants are exposed to the various conditions in the experiment

Question 2

Extraneous variable

Answer 2

A factor that is not the focus of interest in a particular study, but that could influence the outcome of the study of left uncontrolled

Question 3

Confounding variable

Answer 3

A factor that covariates with the independent variable in such a way that we can no longer determine which one has caused the changes in the dependent variable

Question 4

Between subjects design

Answer 4

Different participants are assigned to each of the condition of the experiment

Question 5

Random assignment

Answer 5

A procedure in which each participant has an equal probability of being assigned to anyone of the conditions in the experiment

Question 6

Within subjects design

Answer 6

Each participant engages in every condition of the experiment one or more times

Question 7

Counterbalancing

Answer 7

A procedure in which the order of conditions is buried so that no condition has an overall advantage relative to the other conditions

Question 8

Single factor design

Answer 8

Has only one independent variable

Question 9

Experimental condition

Answer 9

Involves exposing participants to a treatment or an active level of the independent variable

Question 10

Control condition

Answer 10

Participants do not receive the treatment of interest or are exposed to a baseline level of an independent variable

Question 11

Independent groups design

Answer 11

Participants are randomly assigned to the various conditions of the experiment

Question 12

Block randomization

Answer 12

We conduct a single round of all the conditions, then another round, then another, force many rounds is needed to complete the experiment. Within each round, the order of conditions is randomly determined

Question 13

Matching variable

Answer 13

A characteristic on which we match sets of individuals as closely as possible

Question 14

Matched groups design

Answer 14

Each set of participants that has been matched on one or more attributes is randomly assigned to the various conditions of the experiment

Question 15

Subject variable

Answer 15

A personal characteristic on which individuals vary from one another

Question 16

Natural groups design

Answer 16

A researcher measures a subject variable, forms different groups based on peoples levels of the variable, and then measures how the different groups respond on other variables

Question 17

Order affects

Answer 17

Which occur when participants responses are affected by the order of conditions which they are exposed

Question 18

Progressive affects

Answer 18

Reflect changes in participants responses that result from the cumulative exposure to prior conditions

Question 19

Practice affect

Answer 19

I performance improvement due to greater experience with a task

Question 20

Fatigue affect

Answer 20

I performance declined that results from becoming tired, and attentive, or less motivated to perform well with repeated exposure to a task

Question 21

Carryover effects

Answer 21

Occur when participants responses in one condition are uniquely influenced by the particular condition or condition that preceded it

Question 22

Sensitization

Answer 22

And which exposure to multiple conditions increase is participants awareness of, or sensitivity to, the variable that is being experimentally manipulated

Question 23

All possible orders design

Answer 23

The conditions of the independent variable are arranged in every possible sequence, and an equal number of participants are assigned to each sequence

Question 24

Latin square

Answer 24

In a single factor experiment where the number of conditions of the independent variable equals N, a lot and square is an n(number of positions in a series) times N (number of orders) matrix in which each condition will appear only once in each column and each row

Question 25

Random selected orders design

Answer 25

From the entire set of all possible orders, a subset of orders as randomly selected and each order as administered to one participant

Question 26

Block randomization design

Answer 26

Every participant is exposed to multiple blocks of trials, with each block for each participant containing a newly randomize order of all the conditions.

Question 27

Reverse counterbalancing design

Answer 27

Also called an ABBA counterbalancing design. Each participant receives a random order of all the conditions, and then received them again in the reverse order