Chapter 2

Question 1

Evidence based treatments (empirically supported treatments)

Answer 1

Interventions that scientifically controlled studies have demonstrated to be effective in treating specific conditions

Question 2

Abstract

Answer 2

He one paragraph summary of the report typically it mentions the studies purpose, hypothesis, methodology and main findings and conclusions

Question 3

Meta-analysis

Answer 3

A statistical procedure for combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic

Question 4

Effect size

Answer 4

A statistical measure of the strength of a relation between two variables

Question 5

Hypotheses

Answer 5

A tentative proposition about the causes or outcome of an event or more generally, about how variables are related

Question 6

Inductive reasoning

Answer 6

Using specific facts to form a general conclusion or general principle

Question 7

Theory

Answer 7

A set of formal statements that specifies how and why variables or events are related

Question 8

Deductive reasoning

Answer 8

Using a general principle to reach a more specific conclusion

Question 9

Quantitative research

Answer 9

Relies primarily on numerical data and numerical analysis to describe and understand behavior

Question 10

Qualitative research

Answer 10

Seeks to achieve a relatively holistic are thematic description and understanding of behavior, primarily through the non-statistical analysis of data

Question 11

Content analysis

Answer 11

An analysis of the different types of content found within or represented by a set of data

Question 12

Experiment

Answer 12

The researcher manipulates one or more variables, attempts to control extraneous factors, and then measures how the manipulated variable’s affect participants responses

Question 13

Independent variable

Answer 13

Manipulated variable

Question 14

Dependent variable

Answer 14

The measured variable

Question 15

Random assignment

Answer 15

A procedure in which each participant has an equal probability of being assigned to any one of the conditions in the experiment

Question 16

Confounding variable

Answer 16

And extraneous factor that systematically varies along with the variables we are studying and therefore provides a potential alternative explanations for our results

Question 17

Counterbalancing

Answer 17

A procedure in which the order of conditions in an experiment is varied so that no condition has an overall advantage relative to the other conditions

Question 18

Descriptive research (nonexperimental research)

Answer 18

Researchers measure the variables but do not manipulate them

Question 19

Extraneous variable

Answer 19

A factor that is not the focus of interest in a particular study, but that could influence the outcome of the study if left uncontrolled

Question 20

Internal validity

Answer 20

Represents the degree to which we can confidently infer that our study demonstrated that one variable had a causal affect on another variable

Question 21

External validity

Answer 21

Refers to the inferences about the generalizability of the findings beyond the circumstances of the present study

Question 22

Field study

Answer 22

Research in a field or real world setting

Question 23

Field experiment

Answer 23

I study in which researchers manipulate an independent variable in a natural setting and exercise some control over extraneous factors

Question 24

Cross-sectional research design

Answer 24

People of different ages are compared at the same point in time

Question 25

Longitudinal research design

Answer 25

The same participants are tested across different time periods

Question 26

Cohort sequential research design

Answer 26

Several age cohorts are tested longitudinally

Question 27

Research protocol

Answer 27

A standardized set of procedures that the researcher will follow with each participant

Question 28

Population

Answer 28

Consists of all the cases or observations of interest to us in a given study

Question 29

Sample

Answer 29

A subset of cases or observations from a population

Question 30

Quantitative analysis

Answer 30

Mathematical and typically involves using statistics to aid in summarizing and interpreting data

Question 31

Qualitative analysis

Answer 31

Nonmathematical and often involves identifying, classifying, and describing different types of characteristics, outcomes, or behaviors

Question 32

Descriptive statistics

Answer 32

Organize and summarize a set of data

Question 33

Mode

Answer 33

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

Question 34

Median

Answer 34

The midpoint of a distribution

Question 35

Mean

Answer 35

The arithmetic average of distribution of scores

Question 36

Range

Answer 36

Describes the highest and lowest scores in a distribution; It can also be expressed as the distance between them

Question 37

Variance

Answer 37

A component of standard deviation

Question 38

StandardDeviation

Answer 38

The square root of the variance reflects how much the scores in a distribution are spread out in relation to their mean

Question 39

Inferential statistics

Answer 39

Allow researchers to draw conclusions about a population based on data from a sample

Question 40

Statistically significant

Answer 40

Unlikely to be due to chance

Question 41

Law of parsimony

Answer 41

Explanations should use the minimum number of principles necessary to account for the greatest number of facts

Question 42

Introduction

Answer 42

There is no heading labeled introduction. The authors describe the general topic and specific questions they were studying, explain why the topic is important, and site prior research and theorizing that they are on their questions. They also state any hypothesis is being tested.

Question 43

Structure of a research article

Answer 43

Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References