Chapter 2 Flashcards
Evidence based treatments (empirically supported treatments)
Interventions that scientifically controlled studies have demonstrated to be effective in treating specific conditions
Abstract
He one paragraph summary of the report typically it mentions the studies purpose, hypothesis, methodology and main findings and conclusions
Meta-analysis
A statistical procedure for combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic
Effect size
A statistical measure of the strength of a relation between two variables
Hypotheses
A tentative proposition about the causes or outcome of an event or more generally, about how variables are related
Inductive reasoning
Using specific facts to form a general conclusion or general principle
Theory
A set of formal statements that specifies how and why variables or events are related
Deductive reasoning
Using a general principle to reach a more specific conclusion
Quantitative research
Relies primarily on numerical data and numerical analysis to describe and understand behavior
Qualitative research
Seeks to achieve a relatively holistic are thematic description and understanding of behavior, primarily through the non-statistical analysis of data
Content analysis
An analysis of the different types of content found within or represented by a set of data
Experiment
The researcher manipulates one or more variables, attempts to control extraneous factors, and then measures how the manipulated variable’s affect participants responses
Independent variable
Manipulated variable
Dependent variable
The measured variable
Random assignment
A procedure in which each participant has an equal probability of being assigned to any one of the conditions in the experiment
Confounding variable
And extraneous factor that systematically varies along with the variables we are studying and therefore provides a potential alternative explanations for our results
Counterbalancing
A procedure in which the order of conditions in an experiment is varied so that no condition has an overall advantage relative to the other conditions
Descriptive research (nonexperimental research)
Researchers measure the variables but do not manipulate them
Extraneous variable
A factor that is not the focus of interest in a particular study, but that could influence the outcome of the study if left uncontrolled
Internal validity
Represents the degree to which we can confidently infer that our study demonstrated that one variable had a causal affect on another variable
External validity
Refers to the inferences about the generalizability of the findings beyond the circumstances of the present study
Field study
Research in a field or real world setting
Field experiment
I study in which researchers manipulate an independent variable in a natural setting and exercise some control over extraneous factors
Cross-sectional research design
People of different ages are compared at the same point in time
Longitudinal research design
The same participants are tested across different time periods
Cohort sequential research design
Several age cohorts are tested longitudinally
Research protocol
A standardized set of procedures that the researcher will follow with each participant
Population
Consists of all the cases or observations of interest to us in a given study
Sample
A subset of cases or observations from a population
Quantitative analysis
Mathematical and typically involves using statistics to aid in summarizing and interpreting data
Qualitative analysis
Nonmathematical and often involves identifying, classifying, and describing different types of characteristics, outcomes, or behaviors
Descriptive statistics
Organize and summarize a set of data
Mode
The most frequently occurring score in a distribution
Median
The midpoint of a distribution
Mean
The arithmetic average of distribution of scores
Range
Describes the highest and lowest scores in a distribution; It can also be expressed as the distance between them
Variance
A component of standard deviation
StandardDeviation
The square root of the variance reflects how much the scores in a distribution are spread out in relation to their mean
Inferential statistics
Allow researchers to draw conclusions about a population based on data from a sample
Statistically significant
Unlikely to be due to chance
Law of parsimony
Explanations should use the minimum number of principles necessary to account for the greatest number of facts
Introduction
There is no heading labeled introduction. The authors describe the general topic and specific questions they were studying, explain why the topic is important, and site prior research and theorizing that they are on their questions. They also state any hypothesis is being tested.
Structure of a research article
Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion References
