Chapter 5 Flashcards
Correlation
A statistical association between variables
Correlational research
Involves examining potential associations between naturally occurring variables by measuring those variables and determining whether they are statistically related
Positive correlation
The higher scores are levels of one variable tend to be associated with higher scores or levels of another variable
Negative correlation
Higher scores are levels of one variable tend to be associated with Lower scores or levels of another variable
Pearson’s r
A statistic that measures the direction and strength of the linear relation between two variables that have been measured on an interval or ratio scale
Spearman’s rho
Used to measure the relation between two quantitative variables when one or both variables have been measured on an ordinal scale (ie the scores represent ranks)
Scatterplot
A graph in which data points portray the intersection of X and Y values
Bi directionality problem
Ambiguity about whether X has caused y or y has caused X
Third variable Problem
A third variable, Zedd, maybe the true cause of why x and Y appear to be related
Partial correlation
A correlation between variable X and variable y is computer while statistically controlling for their individual correlations with a third variable
Cross-sectional research design
Each person participates on one occasion and all variables are measured at that time
Longitudinal research design
Data are gathered on the same individuals or groups on two or more occasions overtime
Prospective design
Variable X is measured at an earlier point in time than variable Y
Cross lagged panel design
Involve three steps:
1. Measure x and y at the same time
2 measure x and y again at time 2
3. Examine the pattern of correlations among x1, x2, y1, and y2.
Regression analysis
Explore the quantitative, linear relation between two variables, and is often used to protect the scores of one variable based on the scores of another
