Chapter 10

Question 1

Construct validity

Answer 1

Concerns the issue of whether the construct (the conceptual variables) that researchers claim to be studying are,in fact, the constructs that they are truly manipulating and measuring

Question 2

Statistical conclusion validity

Answer 2

Concerns the proper statistical treatment of data and the soundness of the researchers statistical conclusions

Question 3

Internal validity

Answer 3

Concerns the degree to which we can be confident that a study demonstrated that one variable had a causal effect on another variable

Question 4

Ecological validity

Answer 4

Concerns the degree to which responses obtained in a research context generalized to behavior in natural settings

Question 5

Mundane realism

Answer 5

The surface similarity between the experimental environment and real world settings

Question 6

Psychological realism

Answer 6

The degree to which the experimental setting is made psychologically involving for participants, thereby increasing the likelihood that they will behave naturally rather than self monitor and possibly distort their responses

Question 7

History

Answer 7

Refers to events that occur while a study is being conducted, and that are not a part of the experimental manipulation or treatment

Question 8

Maturation

Answer 8

Refers to ways that people naturally change over time, independent of their participation in a study

Question 9

Testing

Answer 9

Concerns weather the act of measuring participants responses affects how they respond on subsequent measures

Question 10

Instrumentation

Answer 10

Refers to changes that occur in a measuring instrument during the course of data collection

Question 11

Regression to the mean

Answer 11

The statistical concept that went to variables are not perfectly correlated, more extreme scores on one variable will be associated overall with less extreme scores on another variable

Question 12

Attrition

Answer 12

Occurs when participants fail to complete the study

Question 13

Selection

Answer 13

Refers to situations in which, at the start of the study, participants in the various conditions already differ on a characteristic that can partly or fully account for the eventual results

Question 14

Differential attrition

Answer 14

Occurs when significantly different attrition rates or reasons for discontinuing exist, overall, across various conditions

Question 15

Randomized controlled trial

Answer 15

And experiment in which participants are randomly assign to different conditions for the purpose of examining the effectiveness of an intervention

Question 16

Wait list control group

Answer 16

A group of randomly selected participants who do not receive a treatment, but expect to and do receive it after treatment of the experimental group ends

Question 17

Demand characteristics

Answer 17

To refer to cues that influence participants believe about the hypothesis being tested and behavior is expected of them

Question 18

Experimenter expectancy effect

Answer 18

Unintentional ways in which researchers influence their participants to respond in a manner consistent with the researchers hypothesis

Question 19

Masking

Answer 19

A.k.a. blinding a procedure in which the parties involved in an experiment are kept unaware of the hypothesis being tested and the condition to which each participant has been assigned

Question 20

Placebo effect

Answer 20

Peoples expectations about how a treatment will affect them influence their responses on the dependent variable to that treatment

Question 21

Placebo control group

Answer 21

In which participants do not receive the core treatment, but are led to believe that they are or may be receiving it

Question 22

Double blind procedure

Answer 22

In which neither of the participants nor the experimenters are aware of who is receiving the actual treatment and who is receiving a placebo

Question 23

Single blind procedure

Answer 23

Either the participants or experimenters, but not both, are masks the participants condition

Question 24

Yoked control group

Answer 24

In which each control group member is procedurally linked to a particular experimental group member whose behavior will determine how both of them are treated

Question 25

Ceiling effect

Answer 25

Occurs one score scores on a dependent variable bunch up at the maximum score level (all students attain the maximum score for lifting the feather)

Question 26

Floor affect

Answer 26

Occurs when scores on a dependent variable bunch up at the minimum score level (all the scores for lifting the 600 pound weight or zero)

Question 27

Sensitivity

Answer 27

Refers to the ability to detect and a fact that it’s actually present

Question 28

Pilot study

Answer 28

A trial run, usually conducted with a smaller number of participants, prior to initiating the actual experiment

Question 29

Manipulation checks

Answer 29

Measures to assess whether the procedures used to manipulate and independent variables successfully captured the construct that was intended

Question 30

Internal replication

Answer 30

Occurs when the researchers follow up their initial study with one or more replications and present a series of studies in a single research report

Question 31

Independent replication

Answer 31

A replication conducted by researchers who were not a part of the original research group

Question 32

Complete replication

Answer 32

Includes all the conditions of the original study

Question 33

Partial replication

Answer 33

Include some of the original conditions of the original study

Question 34

Direct replication

Answer 34

The researchers follow the procedures used in the original study as closely as possible

Question 35

Conceptual Replication

Answer 35

Examines the same question investigated in the original study, but operationalizes the constructs differently

Question 36

Replication and extension

Answer 36

I replication that adds a new design element to the original study