Chapter 7 Flashcards
A survey
Uses questions and interviews to gather information about people
Population
Refers to all the cases or observations of interest to us
Sample
A subset of cases or observations from the population
Sampling frame
A list of names, phone number, address is, or other units from which a sample will be selected
Representative sample
Reflects the important characteristics of the population
Non-representative
Also called a biased sample, it does not reflect the important characteristics of the population
Response rate
Represents the percentage of cases who participate in a survey out of all of those who were selected to participate
Social desirability bias
A tendency to respond in a way that a person feels a socially appropriate, rather than as she or he truly feels
Probability sampling
Each member of the population has a chance of being selected into the sample, and the probability of being selected can be specified
Nonprobability sampling
Each member of the population either does not have a chance of being selected into the sample, the probability of being selected cannot be determined, or both
Simple random sampling
In which every member of the sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen at random to participate in the survey
Stratified random sampling
A sampling frame is divided into groups (called strata; singular = stratum) and then within each group random sampling is used to select the members of the sample
Cluster sampling
Units that contain members of the population are identified. These units, called clusters, are then randomly sampled
Single stage cluster sampling
All the participants in the randomly selected clusters are chosen to participate in the survey
Multi stage sampling
The use of two or more stages to select progressively smaller samples
Convenience sampling
A nonprobability sampling type next line members of a population are selected non-randomly for inclusion and a sample, on the basis of convenience.
Also called haphazard sampling
Quota sampling
A non-probability sampling type next line a sample is non-randomly selected to match the proportion of one or more key characteristics of the population
Self-selection
Occurs when participants place themselves in a sample, rather than being selected for inclusion by a researcher
Purposive sampling
Researcher select a sample according to a specific goal or purpose of the study rather than a random
Expert sampling
Researchers identify experts on a topic and ask them to participate
Snowball sampling
People contacted to participate in a survey or asked recruit or to provide contact information for other people who meet criteria for survey inclusion
Sampling variability
Chance fluctuations in the characteristics of samples that occur when randomly selecting samples for my population
Margin of sampling error
A range of values within Which the true population is presume to reside
Confidence level
A degree of confidence of the true population value resides within a particular margin of error
Likert scale
Measures peoples attitudes by combining scores on several items, each of which records how positively or negatively a person feels about a statement
Leading questions
Items presented in an unbalanced way that can overtly ir subtley suggest that one viewpoint a response is preferable to another
Loaded question
Items containing emotionally charged words that suggest one viewpoint or response is preferable to another, or containing assumptions with which the option to disagree is not provided
Double barreled questions
Items that ask about two issues within one question, forcing respondents to come by and potentially different opinions into one judgment
Double negatives
Items who’s freezing contains two negative words
Context affects
Occur in responses to a survey item are influenced by the particular items that occur directly or soon before it
Interviewer affects
Aspect of the interview was present at the store participants to responses
Nonresponse bias
Occurs when people who were selected but didn’t participate in a survey would have provided significantly different answers from those provided by the participants
