Chalter 4

Question 1

VAriable

Answer 1

Any factor or attribute that can assume two or more variables

Question 2

Qualitative variables

Answer 2

Represent properties that differ in type. I.e gender, religious affiliation, eye color, marital status

Question 3

Quantitative variables

Answer 3

Represent properties that differ in amount for example height, weight, degree of shyness, time spent learning a task, and blood alcohol levels

Question 4

Discrete variable’s

Answer 4

Between any two adjacent values no intermediate values are possible

Question 5

Continuous variables

Answer 5

In principle, between any two adjacent scale values, intermediate values are possible

Question 6

Situational variable

Answer 6

A characteristic that differs across environments or stimuli

Question 7

Subject variable

Answer 7

A personal characteristic That differs across individuals

Question 8

Hypothetical construct

Answer 8

Underlying characteristics or processes that are not directly observed but instead are inferred from measurable behaviors or outcomes

Question 9

Mediator variable

Answer 9

A variable that provides a causal link in the sequence between an independent variable and a dependent variable

Question 10

Moderator variable

Answer 10

A factor that alters the strength or direction of the relation between an independent and dependent variable

Question 11

Measurement

Answer 11

The process of systematically assigning values numbers, labels, or other symbols to represent attributes of organisms, objects, or events

Question 12

Scales of measurement

Answer 12

Refers to rules for assigning scale values to measurement

Question 13

Nominal scale

Answer 13

The scale values represent only qualitative differences (differences of type rather than amount) of the attribute of entrust

Question 14

Ordinal scale

Answer 14

The difference scale values represent relative differences in the amount of some attribute

Question 15

Interval scale

Answer 15

What equal distances between values on the scale reflect equal differences in the amount of the attribute being measured

Question 16

Ratio scale

Answer 16

When equal distances between values on the scale reflect equal distances in the amount of the attribute being measured and the scale also has a true zero point

Question 17

Accuracy

Answer 17

Represents the degree to which the measure yield results that agree with a known standard

Accuracy is a component of validity. It refers to the end result of the experiment

Question 18

Systematic error

Answer 18

A consistent degree of error that occurs with each measurement

Question 19

Reliability

Answer 19

Reliability of a measure is assessed by examining its consistency

Refers to a type of validity. How reliable is the measure, do you get the same result when you repeat the measure?

Question 20

Random measurement error

Answer 20

Random fluctuations that occur during measurement and caused the obtains scores to deviate from a true score

Question 21

Test retest reliability

Answer 21

Determined by administering the same measure to the same participants on two or more occasions, under equivalent test conditions

Question 22

Split half reliability

Answer 22

The items that compose a test are divided into two subsets, and the correlation between subsets is determined

Question 23

Inter-observer reliability

Answer 23

Represents the degree to which independent observers show agreement in their observations

It is used as a way to assess the reliability of answers produced by different items on a test. If a test has lower inter-rater reliability, this could be an indication that the items on the test are confusing, unclear, or even unnecessary.

Question 24

Validity

Answer 24

Can we truthfully infer that a measure actually does what it is claimed to do

Question 25

Face validity

Answer 25

Concerned the degree to which the items on a measure appear to be reasonable

Question 26

Content Validity

Answer 26

Represents the degree to which the items on a measure adequally represent the entire range or set of items that could have been appropriately included

Question 27

Criterion Validity

Answer 27

Address of the relation between scores on a Measure and an outcome

Criterion validity (or criterion-related validity) measures how well one measure predicts an outcome for another measure. A test has this type of validity if it is useful for predicting performance or behavior in another situation (past, present, or future). For example:

A job applicant takes a performance test during the interview process. If this test accurately predicts how well the employee will perform on the job, the test is said to have criterion validity.
A graduate student takes the GRE. The GRE has been shown as an effective tool (i.e. it has criterion validity) for predicting how well a student will perform in graduate studies.

Question 28

Construct validity

Answer 28

Demonstrated when a measure truly assesses the construct that it is claimed to assess

Question 29

Convergent validity

Answer 29

Scorsone measure should correlate highly i.e. converge with scores on other measures of the same construct

Question 30

Discriminant validity

Answer 30

Scores on a measure should not correlate to strongly with scores on measures of other constructs

Question 31

Predictive Validity

Answer 31

A type of criterion validity went to measure record it at one time predicts to criterion that occurs in the future

Question 32

Concurrent validity

Answer 32

The relation between scores on a measure and an outcome when that measure an outcome or assessed at the same time