Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Define anorexia nervosa
A) A disorder involving appearance-related preoccupation with non-existent or slight flaws in physical appearance, the performance of repetitive behaviours (mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, clothes changing), and where the preoccupation impairs daily life functioning
B) A mental illness characterized by a fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
C) One’s perception, understanding, and experience of their body and physical appearance
D) A mental illness characterized by episodes of bingeing, purging, and restriction
A
B
2
Q
Define binge eating disorder
A) A disorder involving appearance-related preoccupation with non-existent or slight flaws in physical appearance, the performance of repetitive behaviours (mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, clothes changing), and where the preoccupation impairs daily life functioning
B) A mental illness characterized by a fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
C) A mental illness characterized by the consumption of an unusually large amount of food during a relatively short period
D) A mental illness characterized by episodes of bingeing, purging, and restriction
A
C
3
Q
Define body dysmorphic disorder
A) A disorder involving appearance-related preoccupation with non-existent or slight flaws in physical appearance, the performance of repetitive behaviours (mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, clothes changing), and where the preoccupation impairs daily life functioning
B) A mental illness characterized by a fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
C) A mental illness characterized by the consumption of an unusually large amount of food during a relatively short period
D) A mental illness characterized by episodes of bingeing, purging, and restriction
A
A
4
Q
Define body image
A) One’s perception, understanding, and experience of their body and physical appearance
B) A mental illness characterized by a fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
C) A mental illness characterized by the consumption of an unusually large amount of food during a relatively short period
D) A mental illness characterized by episodes of bingeing, purging, and restriction
A
A
5
Q
Define bulimia nervosa
A) One’s perception, understanding, and experience of their body and physical appearance
B) A mental illness characterized by a fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
C) A mental illness characterized by the consumption of an unusually large amount of food during a relatively short period
D) A mental illness characterized by episodes of bingeing, purging, and restriction
A
D
6
Q
True or False?
Eating disorders involve both mental and somatic or physical experiences
A
True
7
Q
What is the lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa? A) 0.9% in women, 0.5% in men B) 1.5% in women, 2.0% in men C) 0.9% in women, 0.3% in men D) 0.3% in women, 0.9% in men
A
C
8
Q
What is the lifetime prevalence of bulimia nervosa? A) 0.9% in women, 0.5% in men B) 1.5% in women, 2.0% in men C) 0.9% in women, 0.3% in men D) 1.5% in women, 0.5% in men
A
D
9
Q
What is the lifetime prevalence of binge eating disorder? A) 3.5% in women, 2.0% in men B) 1.5% in women, 2.0% in men C) 0.9% in women, 0.3% in men D) 3.5% in women, 0.3% in men
A
A
10
Q
A significant portion of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ endorse eating disorder through patterns and behaviours A) Adults (15-47%) B) Youth (15-47%) C) Adults (47-85%) D) Children (4-5%)
A
B
11
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric illness A) Anorexia nervosa B) Bulimia nervosa C) Rumination disorder D) Binge eating disorder
A
A
12
Q
It is estimated that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of individuals with anorexia nervosa will die within \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ years of the onset of the disorder A) 10%, 20 B) 20%, 10 C) 10%, 10 D) 20%, 20
A
C
13
Q
There is an average \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ year life expectancy reduction in those with anorexia nervosa A) 20-30 B) 20-25 C) 10-20 D) 10-15
A
B
14
Q
True or False?
People can experience eating disorder symptoms at levels that do not meet the diagnostic criteria
A
True
15
Q
In the Canadian healthcare system, eating disorders are diagnosed by:
A) Only psychologists
B) Only medical doctors
C) The person suffering with the disorder
D) Medical doctors or psychologists
A
D
16
Q
According to the DSM-5, feeding and eating disorders are characterized by:
A) A persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behaviour that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food
B) A sporadic disturbance of eating or eating-related behaviour that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food
C) An occasional disturbance of eating or eating-related behaviour that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food
A
A
17
Q
The feeding and eating disorders outlined in the DSM-5 include all of the following, except: A) Anorexia nervosa B) Anorexia athletica C) Bulimia nervosa D) Binge eating disorder
A
B
18
Q
True or False?
Anorexia nervosa must last over a period of at least 3 months to become diagnosed
A
True
19
Q
Which of the following disorders is characterized by individuals compulsively restricting food intake or compensating for their intake with exercise, laxatives, or other behaviours? A) Anorexia nervosa B) Binge eating disorder C) Bulimia nervosa D) Anorexia athletica
A
A
20
Q
True or False?
Binge eating episodes are followed by compensative behaviours such as excessive exercise, self-induced vomiting, or the misuse of laxatives or diuretics
A
False (Binge eating episodes are NOT followed by compensative behaviours such as excessive exercise, self-induced vomiting, or the misuse of laxatives or diuretics)
21
Q
Which of the following disorders is found in the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders of the DSM-5? A) Anorexia nervosa B) Binge eating disorder C) Bulimia nervosa D) Body dysmorphic disorder
A
D
22
Q
Which of the following disorders is characterized by individuals feeling out of control while eating and then striving to compensate for their binges through vomiting, laxatives, or compulsive exercise? A) Anorexia nervosa B) Binge eating disorder C) Bulimia nervosa D) Body dysmorphic disorder
A
C
23
Q
According to the DSM criteria, the restricting, bingeing, and purging cycle of bulimia nervosa occurs ___________.
A) a maximum of once a week for at least 3 months
B) at least once a week for at least 3 months
C) a maximum of twice a week for at least 2 months
D) at least twice a week for at least 2 months
A
B
24
Q
True or False?
Individuals with bulimia often experience extreme shame about their bingeing and purging and may go to great lengths to hide these behaviours
A
True
25
True or False?
| Individuals with bulimia often fall within an average weight range, thought there may be frequent fluctuations
True
26
```
Bulimia nervosa is commonly linked with the following, except:
A) Self-harm
B) Depression
C) Cardiac arrest
D) Suicidality
```
C
27
True or False?
| Binge eating disorder is new to the DSM-5
True
28
True or False?
| Overeating and binge eating are the same
False (Overeating and binge eating are NOT the same)
29
True or False?
| Binge eating is much less common than overeating
True
30
Binge eating is seen as a disorder when the bingeing episodes occur:
A) at least once a week for 3 months or more
B) at least twice a week for 3 months or more
C) at least three times a week for 3 months or more
D) at least twice a week for 2 months or more
A
31
True or False?
| Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) typically starts in infancy or childhood
True
32
True or False?
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) may have derived from a traumatic experience involving food, such as becoming physically ill after food consumption
True
33
Define Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID).
A) Refers to consistent regurgitation of chewed or partially digested food over a period of at least a month
B) Characterized by the persistent consumption of non-food items over a period of at least a month
C) Goes beyond “being a picky eater” and involves the avoidance of foods with certain textures or colours or avoiding particular types of food
D) The excessive consumption of food following an evening meal or after waking from sleep in the night
C
34
__________ does not include experiences of body dissatisfaction or disturbances in the way body weight or shape are perceived
A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Bulimia nervosa
C) Binge eating disorder
D) Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
D
35
True or False?
The inadequate food intake in Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is not better explained by limited access to food or by a medical condition
True
36
True or False?
If left untreated, Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) can develop into anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa later in adolescence or adulthood
True
37
True or False?
In rumination disorder, previously swallowed food is brought up into the mouth effortlessly, with no sign of gagging or nausea
True
38
True or False?
| Rumination can be a symptom of anorexia or bulimia
True
39
Define rumination disorder.
A) Refers to consistent regurgitation of chewed or partially digested food over a period of at least a month
B) Characterized by the persistent consumption of non-food items over a period of at least a month
C) Goes beyond “being a picky eater” and involves the avoidance of foods with certain textures or colours or avoiding particular types of food
D) The excessive consumption of food following an evening meal or after waking from sleep in the night
A
40
Define pica.
A) Refers to consistent regurgitation of chewed or partially digested food over a period of at least a month
B) Characterized by the persistent consumption of non-food items over a period of at least a month
C) Goes beyond “being a picky eater” and involves the avoidance of foods with certain textures or colours or avoiding particular types of food
D) The excessive consumption of food following an evening meal or after waking from sleep in the night
B (Eg. Paper, soap, hair)
41
True or False?
| Pica is used to describe children.
False (Pica is used to describe individuals in other stages of their life, besides childhood)
42
The following are examples of other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFED), except:
A) Atypical anorexia nervosa
B) Anorexia athletica
C) Bulimia nervosa (of low frequency or limited duration)
D) Purging disorder
E) Night eating syndrome
B
43
Define atypical anorexia nervosa
A) Excessive consumption of food following an evening meal or after waking from sleep in the night, which causes extreme psychological distress and interferes with daily functioning
B) Involves the same characteristics as bulimia nervosa, but the cycle of bingeing and purging occurs less frequently than once per week or for fewer than three months
C) Involves the same characteristics as anorexia nervosa; however, the person’s weight is within or above the “average” range for age and height. This could occur, for instance, when a person starts at a higher weight and drops weight to the point that they are experiencing cardiac instability
D) Describes persistent purging behaviours without the presence of binge eating episodes
C
44
Define bulimia nervosa (of low frequency or limited duration)
A) Excessive consumption of food following an evening meal or after waking from sleep in the night, which causes extreme psychological distress and interferes with daily functioning
B) Involves the same characteristics as bulimia nervosa, but the cycle of bingeing and purging occurs less frequently than once per week or for fewer than three months
C) Involves the same characteristics as anorexia nervosa; however, the person’s weight is within or above the “average” range for age and height. This could occur, for instance, when a person starts at a higher weight and drops weight to the point that they are experiencing cardiac instability
D) Describes persistent purging behaviours without the presence of binge eating episodes
B
45
Define purging disorder
A) Excessive consumption of food following an evening meal or after waking from sleep in the night, which causes extreme psychological distress and interferes with daily functioning
B) Involves the same characteristics as bulimia nervosa, but the cycle of bingeing and purging occurs less frequently than once per week or for fewer than three months
C) Involves the same characteristics as anorexia nervosa; however, the person’s weight is within or above the “average” range for age and height. This could occur, for instance, when a person starts at a higher weight and drops weight to the point that they are experiencing cardiac instability
D) Describes persistent purging behaviours without the presence of binge eating episodes
D
46
Define night eating syndrome
A) Excessive consumption of food following an evening meal or after waking from sleep in the night, which causes extreme psychological distress and interferes with daily functioning
B) Involves the same characteristics as bulimia nervosa, but the cycle of bingeing and purging occurs less frequently than once per week or for fewer than three months
C) Involves the same characteristics as anorexia nervosa; however, the person’s weight is within or above the “average” range for age and height. This could occur, for instance, when a person starts at a higher weight and drops weight to the point that they are experiencing cardiac instability
D) Describes persistent purging behaviours without the presence of binge eating episodes
A
47
True or False?
| Purging disorder includes the presence of binge eating episodes
False (Purging disorder does NOT include the presence of binge eating episodes)
48
True or False?
Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder is used to describe symptoms of a feeding or eating disorder that does not meet the criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, OSFED, or ARFID. However, its presence still causes distress and impairment in functioning
True
49
True or False?
| Anorexia athletica is recognized within the DSM.
False
50
True or False?
| Orthorexia is recognized within the DSM.
False
51
True or False?
| Anorexia athletica is sometimes called compulsive exercising
True
52
Define anorexia athletica
A) A condition where people overexercise to the point that fulfilling their exercise goals takes on more importance than almost anything else in their lives
B) A condition where people never exercise to the point that they don’t even want to walk
C) A condition where individuals are always satisfied with their physical achievements
D) A condition where people only eat foods regarded as healthy
A
53
All of the following characterize orthorexia, except:
A) Eating only foods regarded as healthy
B) Eating only foods regarded as unhealthy
C) Relying only on “natural” products to treat an illness
D) Finding more pleasure in eating “correctly” than enjoying the tastes and textures of a variety of foods
B
54
True or False?
People who might be diagnosed with orthorexia experience emotional satisfaction when they stick to their goals but intense despair when they fail to do so
True
55
True or False?
| For people with orthorexia, weight is common used as a measure of their success.
True
56
True or False?
Body dysmorphic disorder can be found under eating disorders in the DSM-5, but not in the section for obsessive-compulsive disorders.
False (This condition can be found under obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the DSM-5, not in the section for eating disorders)
57
True or False?
Some researchers have proposed breaking down body dysmorphic disorder into subcategories, such as muscle dysmorphia, which involves concerns about being insufficiently muscular
True
58
True or False?
| Body dysmorphic disorder is found in the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders of the DSM-5
True
59
True or False?
| It is not uncommon for individuals to be diagnosed with both an eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder
True
60
True or False?
| There is no single treatment of an eating disorder
True
61
True or False?
| It is uncommon for the treatment of eating disorders to be multidisciplinary
False (It is NOT uncommon for the treatment of eating disorders to be multidisciplinary, involving therapists, nurses, dieticians, and doctors)
62
True or False?
It is fairly well accepted that treatment for eating disorders must address issues concerning both physiological (somatic) and psychological symptoms, as eating disorders are simultaneously intensely somatic and psychological in nature
True
63
True or False?
| Addressing the somatic symptoms of eating disorders usually involves gaining weight
True
64
True or False?
Upon returning to a healthy weight after suffering from an eating disorder, other aspects of a person’s health are likely to improve (such as menstruation or fertility)
True
65
True or False?
Most treatment options for eating disorders will try to address the eating disorder and any other mental illnesses simultaneously, since it could be impossible to disentangle one from the other
True
66
True or False?
Aside from active treatment, there is some evidence that preventative interventions can be effective in reducing eating disorder risk factors (these include media literacy, cognitive dissonance, and cognitive-behavioural therapy interventions)
True
67
True or False?
The available treatment methods are heavily focused on anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating disorder, with far fewer treatment options available for other types of clinical eating disorders
True
68
True or False?
The notion that eating disorders are “caused” by one factor (such as a desire to be thin) is largely out of date and not well accepted
True
69
```
Historically, eating disorders have been seen as an atypical mental illness, one that was primarily diagnosed in ____________, with lower rates of eating disorders in non-white, working-class women
A) low-achieving, working-class, non-white, young women
B) high-achieving, working-class, white, young women
C) high-achieving, middle-class, white, young women
D) high-achieving, middle-class, non-white, young women
```
C
70
True or False?
Eating disorders are largely caused by the pressure to meet a particular ideal of beauty associated with Western Europe and North America
True
71
True or False?
For women, the Western Europe and North America ideal beauty is considered to be white, thin, tall, young, full breasted, with visible muscle tone
True
72
True or False?
For men, the Western Europe and North America ideal beauty is characterized by visible muscularity and large muscle mass, specifically in the arms, chest, and back
True
73
```
True or False?
Some researchers believe eating disorders are more evenly distributed across class and racial lines, and that non-white, working-class groups are simply more likely to be underreported
```
True
74
True or False?
Research about race and culture shows that it may be more about a person’s internalization of the Western thin ideal and not necessarily race/culture on its own - so individuals from non-Western countries but who internalize Western thin ideals are at higher risk of eating disorders compared to those with less internalization of the thin ideal
True
75
What is the term to describe weight and shape concerns?
A) Body satisfaction
B) Body dissatisfaction
C) Body image
B
76
```
_________ was the most researched and potent risk factor for onset of eating disorders
A) Body image
B) Anorexia nervosa
C) Overeating
D) Body dissatisfaction
```
D
77
True or False?
| Body dissatisfaction on its own may lead to eating disorder symptomology
False (Body dissatisfaction on its own may NOT lead to eating disorder symptomology)
78
```
One of the consequences of internalizing the Western culture ideal for women is a desire to be ___________.
A) Curvier
B) Thinner
C) Thicker
D) More attractive
```
B
79
```
Scholars have long suggested that _________ serve(s) to constantly reinforce a message to women that they should pursue thinness and that the best way to do so is by means of dieting and exercising
A) internal opinions
B) books
C) the media
D) external opinions
```
C
80
True or False?
| Rewards, such as social desirability, are what push women to want to be thin
True
81
Define the phenomenon: the drive for thinness
A) Powerful media expectations of women to be thin have contributed to women’s obsession with changing their body to the ideal
B) Powerful media expectations of women to be thin have contributed to women’s obsession with changing their body through plastic surgery
C) Powerful media expectations of women to be thin have contributed to women giving up on exercising, entirely
A
82
```
The discrepancy between society’s obsession with body shape and thinness ideals and the reality of actually being able to achieve these ideals seems likely to be a key driver of ____________.
A) Body image
B) Body dissatisfaction
C) Internalized depression
D) Depression
```
B
83
True or False?
| Negative body image concerns have been linked to numerous negative health-related outcomes
True
84
True or False?
Experimental studies have demonstrated that daily social media use is associated with eating disorder risk factors such as weight/shape concerns
True
85
Athletes most at risk for eating disorders are those:
A) involved in synchronized swimming
B) involved in any type of sport
C) involved in sports emphasizing appearance or body size/shape (eg. Gymnasts, body building, diving)
D) involved in drug use
C
86
True or False?
Sports with emphasis on the individual rather than the team (Eg. Figure skating, running) seem to be more likely to prompt eating-disordered behaviour and body image issues
True
87
True or False?
Sports that operate under a belief system that performance is improved with lower body weight (Eg. Track and field) are likely to increase a participant’s preoccupation with weight
True
88
___________ were found to be at the highest risk for eating disorders related to sports
A) Male athletes competing in aesthetic sports
B) Male athletes competing in wrestling
C) Female athletes competing in wrestling
D) Female athletes competing in aesthetic sports
D
89
True or False?
According to a Norwegian study, elite athletes demonstrate significantly higher rates of eating disorders compared to population controls
True
90
```
In one study, _______ of elite female athletes met the criteria for having an eating disorder, compared to _______ of female controls
A) 20%, 9%
B) 9%, 20%
C) 8%, 0.5%
D) 0.5%, 8%
```
A
91
```
In one study, _______ of elite male athletes met the criteria for having an eating disorder, compared to _______ of male controls
A) 20%, 9%
B) 9%, 20%
C) 8%, 0.5%
D) 0.5%, 8%
```
C
92
True or False?
While eating disorders were traditionally thought to be an illness common in women, men are increasingly receiving diagnoses (although the gender difference is still well established)
True
93
True or False?
Within eating disorders, it seems likely that feminine gender role endorsement may be more associated with an increased drive for thinness orientation, whereas masculine gender role endorsement is tied to muscularity concerns
True
94
True or False?
Generally, research has shown that lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth report higher levels of disordered eating than their heterosexual counterparts
True
95
The following environmental factors are associated with the development and maintenance of an eating disorder, except:
A) Maltreatment during childhood (such as physical or sexual violence)
B) Parental pressure
C) Peer pressure
D) Divorce
D
96
```
Twin and adoption studies have found the estimated heritability in anorexia nervosa to be between ________.
A) 54 - 83%
B) 28 - 74%
C) 41 - 57%
D) 31 - 89%
```
B
97
```
Twin and adoption studies have found the estimated heritability in bulimia nervosa to be between ________.
A) 54 - 83%
B) 28 - 74%
C) 41 - 57%
D) 31 - 89%
```
A
98
```
Twin and adoption studies have found the estimated heritability in binge eating disorder to be between ________.
A) 54 - 83%
B) 28 - 74%
C) 41 - 57%
D) 31 - 89%
```
C
99
True or False?
| A gene responsible for eating disorders has been identified
False (There has yet to be a gene identified as being responsible for eating disorders)
100
There may be a strong genetic component underpinning eating disorders
True
101
True or False?
| There have been some changes to the fashion industry in terms of policies around the thinness of models
True
102
```
Laws in several countries, such as _________, now ban underweight models and require a label on images that have been manipulated, based on the assumption that models and the associated images in the media represent unrealistic, harmful ideals of beauty
A) Spain
B) United States
C) Canada
D) France
```
D
103
True or False?
Within the food services industry, an important debate has been occurring in relation to the policy of some countries, such as Canada, to include calorie counts on restaurant menus
True
104
Including calorie counts on restaurant menus may unintentionally increase people’s preoccupation with calories, which goes against ___________.
A) The global health movement
B) The positive body image movement
C) The pro-ana movement
D) The eating disorder awareness campaign
B
105
True or False?
| There is some evidence that social media might also have a positive effect, at least for some individuals
True
106
How has social media created a positive effect for some people, in terms of eating disorders?
A) It has allowed celebrities to state whether or not they’ve had plastic surgery to bring awareness to natural body types
B) It has provided a platform for people to show off their natural body types
C) It has provided a platform for those living with an eating disorder to share their stories
C
107
Which of the following is false about the pro-ana movement?
A) It has a heavy social media presence
B) Aims to support eating disorders as a viable way of life, often by using fake images
C) It involves blogs, websites, and chat forums to support eating disorder behavioural practices
D) Social media outlets describe the “how to” steps of weight and food control practices that are often used by people with eating disorders
B
108
```
Which of the following are 2 popular social media movements?
A) Thickspiration
B) Thinspiration
C) Fitspiration
D) Sweatspiration
```
B, C
109
Which of the following is false about thinspiration (thinspo)?
A) It’s an internet-based social media trend promoting, primarily to women, a weight loss and eating disorder lifestyle
B) The images show underweight women, sometimes with “encouraging” text to encourage weight loss
C) This trend overlaps with many pro-ana websites and social media accounts
D) Quite frequently involves digitally altered images that only intensify preoccupation with unhealthy and unattainable body ideals
E) All of these are true
E
110
Which of the following is false about fitspiration (fitspo)?
A) Attempts to promote health and fitness over thinness through exercise, healthy eating, and self-care
B) Emphasizes thinness
C) Rather than thinness, emphasizes strength and empowerment
D) Research shows that the majority of the fitspiration images themselves contain objectifying elements
E) All of these are true
B
111
True or False?
Fitspiration might differ from thinspiration in the specific body image being displayed, but it can nonetheless still promote many symptoms associated with eating-disordered behaviour, such as preoccupation with body shape and using body shape as the key determinant of self-worth
True
112
True or False?
| Fitspiration is often positioned as the healthy alternative to thinspiration
True
113
```
Research on positive body image has mushroomed since _________, demonstrating unique characteristics of this phenomenon
A) 1990
B) 2000
C) 2010
D) 2020
```
C
114
Which of the following is false about the positive body image movement?
A) The key feature of positive body image is that an individual closely ties their self-worth with their appearance
B) It operates independently from negative body image (meaning it is possible for someone to experience both negative and positive body image simultaneously)
C) A core characteristic of positive body image is body appreciation
D) Function, health and body appreciation are important to the positive body image movement
E) Media literacy is important because individuals with a strong understanding of the fabricated nature of media tend to resist the narrowly defined beauty ideals perpetuated in Hollywood
A (The key feature of positive body image is that an individual does NOT closely tie their self-worth with their appearance—something women are socialized to do starting at an early age)
115
True or False?
| People with positive body image tend to believe beauty comes from within, such as from someone’s personality
True
116
True or False?
| Eating disorders and their potential risks are constantly changing
True
