Chapter 4

Question 1

True or False?

“Psychosis” has to do with violence

Answer 1

False

“Psychosis” has nothing to do with violence

Question 2

Define psychosis
A) A mental disorder especially when marked by egocentric and antisocial activity, a lack of remorse for one’s actions, an absence of empathy for others, and often criminal tendencies
B) A series of violent behaviours
C) A serious mental illness (such as schizophrenia) characterized by defective or lost contact with reality often with hallucinations or delusions

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Define psychopathy
A) A mental disorder especially when marked by egocentric and antisocial activity, a lack of remorse for one’s actions, an absence of empathy for others, and often criminal tendencies
B) A series of violent behaviours
C) A serious mental illness (such as schizophrenia) characterized by defective or lost contact with reality often with hallucinations or delusions

Answer 3

A

Question 4

True or False?
Psychosis describes a mental state characterized by a profound disturbance in thinking; consequently, a person has a difficult time distinguishing between most people’s reality and their own perception of the world

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Which of the following is widely considered one of the most debilitating aspects of mental illness?
A) Depression 
B) Anxiety 
C) Psychosis 
D) Serious phobias

Answer 5

C

Question 6

Which of the following mental disorders doesn’t involve psychosis?
A) Bipolar disorder 
B) Binge eating disorder 
C) Severe forms of depression
D) Schizoaffective disorder
E) Delusional disorder

Answer 6

B

Question 7

What is schizoaffective disorder?
A) A sort of bridge between schizophrenia and some mood disorders
B) A sort of bridge between schizophrenia and anxiety
C) A sort of bridge between schizophrenia and depression
D) A sort of bridge between anxiety and depression

Answer 7

A

Question 8

Most modern approaches break down the symptoms of schizophrenia into 3 broad categories, except:
A) Invisible symptoms 
B) Positive symptoms
C) Negative symptoms
D) Symptoms relating to disorganization

Answer 8

A

Question 9

The “positive symptoms” of schizophrenia denote the fact that:
A) some of a person’s old behaviours or feelings might decline or disappear
B) a person might begin to experience new or additional mental phenomena
C) a person might start to feel a lack of motivation
D) a person might start to feel an increase in motivation

Answer 9

B

Question 10

The “negative symptoms” of schizophrenia denote the fact that:
A) some of a person’s old behaviours or feelings might decline or disappear
B) a person might begin to experience new or additional mental phenomena
C) a person might start to feel a lack of motivation
D) a person might start to feel an increase in motivation

Answer 10

A

Question 11

True or False?

Psychosis is the correct component of the negative symptoms, with 2 primary forms: hallucinations and delusions

Answer 11

False

Psychosis is the correct component of the positive symptoms, with 2 primary forms: hallucinations and delusions

Question 12

Which of the following is the most common form of hallucination?
A) Kinesthetic, where a person feels tingles on their limbs without being touched
B) Visual, where a person sees objects that aren’t really there
C) Writing, when a person sees words in front of them that aren’t really there
D) Auditory, when a person hears a sound or voice(s) without apparent cause

Answer 12

D

Question 13

What are hallucinations?
A) a visual experience that occurs without any clear stimulus
B) a visual experience that occurs with a clear stimulus
C) a sensory experience that occurs without any clear stimulus
D) a sensory experience that occurs with a clear stimulus

Answer 13

C

Question 14

Which of the following auditory hallucinations are not relatively common?
A) Hearing voices that provide a running commentary on one’s actions
B) Hearing voices that sound like a child is speaking
C) Hearing voices that often fight with one another, issue instructions, or use insulting or degrading language to attack the person
D) Hearing voices that are calming or inspiring, even feeling like a memory echoing

Answer 14

B

Question 15

Which of the following is false in regards to The Hearing Voices Movement?
A) It makes the case that hearing voices means you’re mentally ill and must be sterilized
B) It brings together individuals who define themselves as “experts by experience”
C) It makes the case that hearing voices should not be understood simply as a problematic medical symptom, but rather as a meaningful component of human experience
D) The movement began in the 1980s
E) It has evolved over time and currently operates with a focus on 5 primary values

Answer 15

A

Question 16

True or False?

Hallucinations can involve any of the senses

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or False?

Many people’s hallucinations involve only one sense

Answer 17

False

Many people’s hallucinations involve multiple senses

Question 18

True or False?

People who have hallucinations never find comfort in these sensory experiences

Answer 18

False

Some people have stated that they find comfort or even joy in these sensory experiences

Question 19

What are the 2 primary forms of psychosis? 
A) Hallucinations and depression 
B) Depression and anxiety 
C) Hallucinations and anxiety 
D) Hallucinations and delusions

Answer 19

D

Question 20

Which of the following is false about delusions?
A) Delusions involve a person holding beliefs that most others consider impossible or highly improbable
B) Delusions are sometimes described as “irrational” or “false” beliefs
C) Delusions are easy to define with precision
D) Delusions come in many forms

Answer 20

C

Delusions are difficult to define with precision

Question 21

Which of the following is not one of the most common forms of delusions?
A) Persecutory delusions
B) Minor delusions
C) Grandiose delusions
D) Delusions relating to control of a person’s mind or body
E) Erotomanic delusions
F) Somatic delusions

Answer 21

B

Question 22

Define persecutory delusions
A) Places the person experiencing it in a position of great power or achievement
B) Where a person feels they are being targeted for mistreatment or harm
C) When a person believes that an external force is responsible for moving their body
D) When a person believes that a stranger or even a famous celebrity is madly in love with them

Answer 22

B

Question 23

Define grandiose delusion
A) Places the person experiencing it in a position of great power or achievement
B) Where a person feels they are being targeted for mistreatment or harm
C) When a person believes that an external force is responsible for moving their body
D) When a person believes that a stranger or even a famous celebrity is madly in love with them

Answer 23

A

Question 24

Define erotomanic delusion
A) Places the person experiencing it in a position of great power or achievement
B) Where a person feels they are being targeted for mistreatment or harm
C) When a person believes that an external force is responsible for moving their body
D) When a person believes that a stranger or even a famous celebrity is madly in love with them

Answer 24

D

Question 25

Define somatic delusion A) When a person believes they are suffering from a terrible illness or perhaps their body may be malfunctioning B) Where a person feels they are being targeted for mistreatment or harm C) When a person believes that an external force is responsible for moving their body D) When a person believes that a stranger or even a famous celebrity is madly in love with them

Answer 25

A

Question 26

True or False? | For someone experiencing a delusion, the sensation is extremely real

Answer 26

True

Question 27

True or False? A last category of positive symptoms relates primarily to speech and disorganized patterns of speech may be a core component of schizophrenia

Answer 27

True

Question 28

True or False? | Positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia tend to be episodic

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Which of the following is false in relation to the negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia? A) Negative symptoms relate to feelings and behaviours that are typically described as deficits in “normal behaviour” B) Negative symptoms are usually understood as chronic C) Negative symptoms are usually understood as episodic D) Some researchers believe that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are actually more significant in terms of limiting a person’s functioning than positive symptoms E) Negative symptoms primarily relate to a person’s emotional and affective engagement with the world

Answer 29

C

Question 30

Which of the following does not define the phenomenon known as “poverty of content”? A) Many individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia are described as having a blunted affect B) Many individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia might have less expressive facial expressions and tone of voice than people would typically expect C) The speech of many individuals with schizophrenia may be greatly reduced, comprising short responses with minimal garnish D) Many individuals with schizophrenia might actually speak a lot, but fail to communicate significant or meaningful concepts E) All of these define the phenomenon known as “poverty of content”?

Answer 30

E

Question 31

True or False? A hallmark sign that healthcare practitioners consider when formulating a diagnosis for schizophrenia is a lack of drive, sometimes known as avolition

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Define anhedonia A) An increased ability to experience pleasure B) An inability to experience pleasure C) An increased ability to experience sadness D) An inability to experience sadness

Answer 32

B

Question 33

True or False? | Anhedonia is limited solely to schizophrenia

Answer 33

False | Anhedonia is not limited solely to schizophrenia (Eg. It is a central symptom of depression)

Question 34

Which of the following is not a major symptom category of schizophrenia? A) A lack of drive, sometimes known as avolition B) Anhedonia, an inability to experience pleasure C) Issues related to disturbances in cognition, such as a person’s memory, attention, and learning D) Feeling violent all the time

Answer 34

D

Question 35

Which of the following names did not contribute to schizophrnia’s history? A) Emil Kraepelin B) Eugen Bleuler C) Edison Marks

Answer 35

C (Emil Kraepelin helped to popularize the notion that “dementia praecox” was a disease in and of itself, rather than simply various other disconnected syndromes) (Bleuler consequently came up with an alternate term to describe individuals who seemed to be affected by this newly conceptualized disease: schizophrenia)

Question 36

Which of the following are both recognized as variants of schizophrenia? A) Catatonia and hebephrenia B) Catatonia and controlia C) Hebephrenia and controlia

Answer 36

A

Question 37

``` For a long time, it was common to read that schizophrenia occurred in about ______ of the population, regardless of country or culture, and that it was diagnosed equally in men and women A) 10% B) 50% C) 1% D) 5% ```

Answer 37

C

Question 38

True or False? | Researchers have not yet found a clear biomarker or indicator that definitively reveals the presence of schizophrenia

Answer 38

True

Question 39

True or False? | Determining whether a person has schizophrenia depends heavily on the judgment of the person making the diagnosis

Answer 39

True

Question 40

True or False? | Researchers have long argued that there is a genetic component to schizophrenia

Answer 40

True

Question 41

True or False? | It is increasingly clear that there is a “schizophrenia gene”

Answer 41

False It is increasingly clear that there is no such thing as the “schizophrenia gene”; instead, it is likely that many different genes (and particular variations of genes and alleles) may be responsible for increasing the risk of schizophrenia

Question 42

Some of the more prominent theories include the idea that schizophrenia is a result of the following, except: A) complications during birth B) advanced paternal age at time of conception C) use of cannabis D) maternal infections during pregnancy E) drinking alcohol while pregnant F) irregularities in a neurotransmitter called dopamine G) inflammation

Answer 42

E

Question 43

``` True or False? The underlying risk factors or causes of schizophrenia might have something to do with the issue of class and socioeconomic status ```

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True or False? Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia disproportionately occupy higher income neighbourhoods and earn above-average incomes, at least in Europe and North America

Answer 44

False Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia disproportionately occupy lower income neighbourhoods and earn below-average incomes, at least in Europe and North America

Question 45

Define the drift hypothesis A) Animals migrate to warmer areas in the winter B) People migrate to warmer areas in the winter C) This theory suggests that the disproportionate number of people diagnosed with schizophrenia in lower income areas is primarily a consequence of their illness, rather than a cause of it

Answer 45

C

Question 46

``` True or False? Working-class or poorer individuals were more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than wealthier people ```

Answer 46

True

Question 47

True or False? Most practitioners continue to operate on the belief that it is necessary to treat schizophrenia through the body; this corresponds with dominant ideas about its etiology being rooted in the brain

Answer 47

True

Question 48

True or False? | Antipsychotic medications have long provoked concern on account of their side effects

Answer 48

True

Question 49

The CBT approach to schizophrenia is based on: A) the premise that individuals cannot learn to challenge hallucinations and change their response to them B) the premise that individuals can learn to challenge hallucinations and change their response to them, as well as make decisions to avoid factors that might spark relapse C) the premise that individuals with schizophrenia must be removed from society and placed in hospitals against their will

Answer 49

B

Question 50

True or False? | Since deinstitutionalization, most individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia now live in care homes

Answer 50

False | Since deinstitutionalization, most individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia now live in the community

Question 51

Which of the following is false as to why not all people with mental health issues pursue treatment? A) They do not desire some form of support B) They may have had unhelpful interactions with professional medicine in the past C) They may have had harmful interactions with professional medicine in the past D) They may be suffering from self-stigmatization and don’t know how to admit they want help

Answer 51

A

Question 52

Define peer support programs in relation to schizophrenia. A) Peer support programs involve people with all mental illnesses coming together to talk about different treatments B) Peer support programs involve an individual who themself has lived experience with schizophrenia teaching others why schizophrenia is bad C) Peer support programs involve an individual who themself has lived experience with schizophrenia performing religious practices as treatment D) Peer support programs involve an individual who themself has lived experience with schizophrenia helping others move toward recovery

Answer 52

D

Question 53

True or False? | Schizophrenia is a significant and often unique social experience

Answer 53

True

Question 54

True or False? | For many people, the media is not a very good source when it comes to mental illness

Answer 54

False | For many people, the media is their primary source of information when it comes to mental illness

Question 55

True or False? | Literature, film, and news media have all helped cement the idea that schizophrenia is inherently linked to genetics

Answer 55

False | Literature, film, and news media have all helped cement the idea that schizophrenia is inherently linked to violence

Question 56

``` The most common form of treatment for schizophrenia consists of: A) Opiates B) Talking therapy C) Antipsychotic medications D) Beatings ```

Answer 56

C

Question 57

Define epidemiology A) The study of how health states and events, such as diseases and infections, are distributed across a population B) The cause, or set of causes, for a particular medical condition or disease C) Changes in a person’s behaviour or thoughts that involve the reduction or elimination of expected or “normal” behaviours. This term is typically applied to describe changes in affect, willpower, and desire that may appear in people diagnosed with schizophrenia D) Changes in a person’s behaviour or thoughts that would not typically be expected among the general population. This term is used primarily to describe the hallucinations and delusions that are hallmarks of schizophrenia E) The process of creating or reinforcing negative stereotypes about a group of people or individuals

Answer 57

A

Question 58

Define etiology A) The study of how health states and events, such as diseases and infections, are distributed across a population B) The cause, or set of causes, for a particular medical condition or disease C) Changes in a person’s behaviour or thoughts that involve the reduction or elimination of expected or “normal” behaviours. This term is typically applied to describe changes in affect, willpower, and desire that may appear in people diagnosed with schizophrenia D) Changes in a person’s behaviour or thoughts that would not typically be expected among the general population. This term is used primarily to describe the hallucinations and delusions that are hallmarks of schizophrenia E) The process of creating or reinforcing negative stereotypes about a group of people or individuals

Answer 58

B

Question 59

Define negative symptoms A) The study of how health states and events, such as diseases and infections, are distributed across a population B) The cause, or set of causes, for a particular medical condition or disease C) Changes in a person’s behaviour or thoughts that involve the reduction or elimination of expected or “normal” behaviours. This term is typically applied to describe changes in affect, willpower, and desire that may appear in people diagnosed with schizophrenia D) Changes in a person’s behaviour or thoughts that would not typically be expected among the general population. This term is used primarily to describe the hallucinations and delusions that are hallmarks of schizophrenia E) The process of creating or reinforcing negative stereotypes about a group of people or individuals

Answer 59

C

Question 60

Define positive symptoms A) The study of how health states and events, such as diseases and infections, are distributed across a population B) The cause, or set of causes, for a particular medical condition or disease C) Changes in a person’s behaviour or thoughts that involve the reduction or elimination of expected or “normal” behaviours. This term is typically applied to describe changes in affect, willpower, and desire that may appear in people diagnosed with schizophrenia D) Changes in a person’s behaviour or thoughts that would not typically be expected among the general population. This term is used primarily to describe the hallucinations and delusions that are hallmarks of schizophrenia E) The process of creating or reinforcing negative stereotypes about a group of people or individuals

Answer 60

D

Question 61

Define stigmatization A) The study of how health states and events, such as diseases and infections, are distributed across a population B) The cause, or set of causes, for a particular medical condition or disease C) Changes in a person’s behaviour or thoughts that involve the reduction or elimination of expected or “normal” behaviours. This term is typically applied to describe changes in affect, willpower, and desire that may appear in people diagnosed with schizophrenia D) Changes in a person’s behaviour or thoughts that would not typically be expected among the general population. This term is used primarily to describe the hallucinations and delusions that are hallmarks of schizophrenia E) The process of creating or reinforcing negative stereotypes about a group of people or individuals

Answer 61

E

Question 62

True or False? | Schizophrenia is seen as one of the most debilitating forms of mental illness

Answer 62

True

Question 63

True or False? | Psychotic phenomena may be experienced without quality ingredients for a diagnosis of schizophrenia

Answer 63

True

Question 64

True or False? | Delusions are only present among those diagnosed with a mental disorder

Answer 64

False | Delusions are not only present among those diagnosed with a mental disorder

Question 65

Define delusions of reference in schizophrenia: A) A person believes that others are “out to get them” B) A person believes that they are being communicated with in code (receiving secret hidden messages) C) A person believes that their thoughts are being implanted or broadcasted aloud D) A person believes themselves to be in a great position of power, such as a deity, celebrity, or a head of government

Answer 65

B

Question 66

True or False? | The concept of delusion is not completely objective

Answer 66

True

Question 67

True or False? | Belief that cannot be proven is always delusional

Answer 67

False | Belief that cannot be proven is not always delusional

Question 68

``` Negative symptoms may be more __________ and ___________ than positive symptoms A) beneficial, helpful B) beneficial, limiting C) debilitating, limiting D) debilitating, helpful ```

Answer 68

C

Question 69

Define avolition A) The inability to experience pleasure B) The inability to feel fear C) Motivation and increased desire to take initiative and engage in spontaneous tasks D) Lack of drive and difficulty taking initiative to engage in routine tasks

Answer 69

D

Question 70

True or False? | Some researchers believe that disturbances in cognition are the primary hallmark of schizophrenia, rather than psychosis

Answer 70

True

Question 71

True or False? | Delusions are fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence

Answer 71

True

Question 72

``` The belief that one is under surveillance by the police, despite a lack of convincing evidence, is an example of: A) a nonbizarre delusion B) a bizarre delusion C) a mild delusion D) a major delusion ```

Answer 72

A

Question 73

Delusions are deemed bizarre if: A) They are clearly possible and understandable to same-culture peers and derive from ordinary life experiences B) They are clearly implausible and not understandable to same-culture peers and do not derive from ordinary life experiences C) The person experiencing them is bizarre D) The person experiencing them is over 50 years of age

Answer 73

B

Question 74

Catatonic behaviour is: A) A marked increase in reactivity to the environment B) Aggressive behaviour C) Violence behaviour D) A marked decrease in reactivity to the environment

Answer 74

D

Question 75

``` Which of the following are two negative symptoms particularly prominent in schizophrenia? A) Diminished emotional expression B) Avolition C) Anhedonia D) Severe phobias ```

Answer 75

A, B

Question 76

True or False? Negative symptoms account for a substantial portion of type morbidity associated with schizophrenia, but are less prominent in other psychotic disorders

Answer 76

True

Question 77

True or False? The diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder requires the exclusion of another condition that may give rise of psychosis

Answer 77

True

Question 78

True or False? | Schizophrenia lasts for at least 1 month and includes at least 6 months of active-phase symptoms

Answer 78

False | Schizophrenia lasts for at least 6 months and includes at least 1 month of active-phase symptoms

Question 79

True or False? When diagnosing schizophrenia, two (or more) of the following must be present, each for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one of these must be (1), (2), or (3) 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized speech 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour 5. Negative symptoms

Answer 79

True

Question 80

``` Which of the following is not a subtype of schizophrenia? A) Grandiose type B) Erotomanic type C) Jealous type D) Persecutory type E) Somatic type F) Insomatic type ```

Answer 80

F

Question 81

Define erotomanic type (subtype of schizophrenia) A) The central theme of the delusion is that another person is in love with the individual B) The central theme of the delusion is the conviction of having some great talent or insight or of having made some important discovery C) The central theme of the delusion is that of an unfaithful partner D) The central theme of the delusion involves the individual’s belief of being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisonings, maliciously maligned, harassed, or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals E) The central theme of the delusion involves bodily functions or sensations

Answer 81

A

Question 82

Define grandiose type (subtype of schizophrenia) A) The central theme of the delusion is that another person is in love with the individual B) The central theme of the delusion is the conviction of having some great talent or insight or of having made some important discovery C) The central theme of the delusion is that of an unfaithful partner D) The central theme of the delusion involves the individual’s belief of being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisonings, maliciously maligned, harassed, or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals E) The central theme of the delusion involves bodily functions or sensations

Answer 82

B

Question 83

Define jealous type (subtype of schizophrenia) A) The central theme of the delusion is that another person is in love with the individual B) The central theme of the delusion is the conviction of having some great talent or insight or of having made some important discovery C) The central theme of the delusion is that of an unfaithful partner D) The central theme of the delusion involves the individual’s belief of being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisonings, maliciously maligned, harassed, or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals E) The central theme of the delusion involves bodily functions or sensations

Answer 83

C

Question 84

Define persecutory type (subtype of schizophrenia) A) The central theme of the delusion is that another person is in love with the individual B) The central theme of the delusion is the conviction of having some great talent or insight or of having made some important discovery C) The central theme of the delusion is that of an unfaithful partner D) The central theme of the delusion involves the individual’s belief of being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisonings, maliciously maligned, harassed, or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals E) The central theme of the delusion involves bodily functions or sensations

Answer 84

D

Question 85

Define somatic type (subtype of schizophrenia) A) The central theme of the delusion is that another person is in love with the individual B) The central theme of the delusion is the conviction of having some great talent or insight or of having made some important discovery C) The central theme of the delusion is that of an unfaithful partner D) The central theme of the delusion involves the individual’s belief of being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisonings, maliciously maligned, harassed, or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals E) The central theme of the delusion involves bodily functions or sensations

Answer 85

E

Question 86

``` The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia appears to be approximately ___________. A) 0% - 1% B) 1% - 2% C) 0.3% - 0.7% D) 0.5% - 1% ```

Answer 86

C

Question 87

True or False? An emphasis on negative symptoms and longer duration of disorder (associated with poorer outcome) shows higher incidence rates for females

Answer 87

False An emphasis on negative symptoms and longer duration of disorder (associated with poorer outcome) shows higher incidence rates for males