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HSCI 214 Midterm > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Define constructivism
A) An approach to knowledge holding that knowledge is fluid, contingent, and contextual
B) A feeling of being outside of, or as if you do not belong to, your own body
C) A feeling as though things around you are strange and unfamiliar
D) A psychobiological defence mechanism wherein the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, perception, emotion, body representation, motor control, and behaviour is disturbed

A

A

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2
Q

Define depersonalization
A) An approach to knowledge holding that knowledge is fluid, contingent, and contextual
B) A feeling of being outside of, or as if you do not belong to, your own body
C) A feeling as though things around you are strange and unfamiliar
D) A psychobiological defence mechanism wherein the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, perception, emotion, body representation, motor control, and behaviour is disturbed

A

B

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3
Q

Define derealization
A) An approach to knowledge holding that knowledge is fluid, contingent, and contextual
B) Several cognitive processes related to organizing thoughts, managing time, decision making, problem solving, and remembering details
C) A feeling as though things around you are strange and unfamiliar
D) A psychobiological defence mechanism wherein the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, perception, emotion, body representation, motor control, and behaviour is disturbed

A

C

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4
Q

Define dissociation
A) The fact that people who are diagnosed with the same disorder often exhibit different symptoms
B) Several cognitive processes related to organizing thoughts, managing time, decision making, problem solving, and remembering details
C) A feeling as though things around you are strange and unfamiliar
D) A psychobiological defence mechanism wherein the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, perception, emotion, body representation, motor control, and behaviour is disturbed

A

D

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5
Q

Define executive function
A) The fact that people who are diagnosed with the same disorder often exhibit different symptoms
B) Several cognitive processes related to organizing thoughts, managing time, decision making, problem solving, and remembering details
C) A feeling as though things around you are strange and unfamiliar
D) A psychobiological defence mechanism wherein the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, perception, emotion, body representation, motor control, and behaviour is disturbed

A

B

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6
Q

Define heterogeneity
A) The fact that people who are diagnosed with the same disorder often exhibit different symptoms
B) Several cognitive processes related to organizing thoughts, managing time, decision making, problem solving, and remembering details
C) A branch or aspect of medicine concerned with how illnesses and diseases are classified and categorized
D) A theory of knowledge holding that our world is ultimately knowable

A

A

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7
Q

Define nosolgy
A) The fact that people who are diagnosed with the same disorder often exhibit different symptoms
B) Several cognitive processes related to organizing thoughts, managing time, decision making, problem solving, and remembering details
C) A branch or aspect of medicine concerned with how illnesses and diseases are classified and categorized
D) A theory of knowledge holding that our world is ultimately knowable

A

C

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8
Q

Define positivism
A) The study of mental health disorders with attention to their causes across a range of different factors (biological, psychological, and social) and the use of this information in developing effective treatment options
B) Several cognitive processes related to organizing thoughts, managing time, decision making, problem solving, and remembering details
C) A branch or aspect of medicine concerned with how illnesses and diseases are classified and categorized
D) A theory of knowledge holding that our world is ultimately knowable

A

D

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9
Q

Define psychopathology
A) The study of mental health disorders with attention to their causes across a range of different factors (biological, psychological, and social) and the use of this information in developing effective treatment options
B) Several cognitive processes related to organizing thoughts, managing time, decision making, problem solving, and remembering details
C) A branch or aspect of medicine concerned with how illnesses and diseases are classified and categorized
D) In relation to psychiatry, the fact that many symptoms are common to several different types of mental disorders

A

A

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10
Q

Define symptom overlap
A) The study of mental health disorders with attention to their causes across a range of different factors (biological, psychological, and social) and the use of this information in developing effective treatment options
B) Several cognitive processes related to organizing thoughts, managing time, decision making, problem solving, and remembering details
C) A branch or aspect of medicine concerned with how illnesses and diseases are classified and categorized
D) In relation to psychiatry, the fact that many symptoms are common to several different types of mental disorders

A

D

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11
Q 
One way that medicine typically classifies disease is according to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A) symptoms 
B) cause
C) a person’s behaviour
D) a person’s age
A

B

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12
Q

True or False?
Major classifications systems of mental disorders, like the DSM and ICD, assume people who exhibit similar sets of behaviours fundamentally share the same underlying disorder

A

True

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13
Q

True or False?
Mental disorders are consequently classified according to the patterns of thoughts, moods, and behaviours that people exhibit, which can be described as symptom-based

A

True

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14
Q 
Symptom-based classification has been used within mental healthcare since the appearance of the DSM-III in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) 1920
B) 1929
C) 1980
D) 2002
A

C

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15
Q 
OCD revolves around \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ thoughts.
A) obsessive, compulsive
B) obsessive, intrusive 
C) compulsive, intrusive 
D) obsessive, extensive
A

B

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16
Q

True or False?

Unlike many mental health conditions, OCD is widely understood

A

False (Like many mental health conditions, OCD is widely misunderstood)

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17
Q 
OCD involved 2 primary components: 
A) obsessions and compulsions 
B) obsessions and intrusions 
C) compulsions and intrusions 
D) compulsions and exclusions
A

A

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18
Q

Which of the following is false about obsessions?
A) They’re disruptive, anxiety-causing thoughts or mental images
B) People often report feeling as if they cannot control these thoughts
C) Obsessions can cover many themes, but frequently involve content related to contamination, sex, religion, precision, and violence or harm
D) They are deliberately conjured by the individual

A

D

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19
Q

What are compulsions?
A) Disruptive, anxiety-causing thoughts or mental images
B) Disruptive actions that lead to distractions
C) Repetitive actions or thoughts that are performed to relieve the anxiety brought on by the obsessions
D) Repetitive thoughts that torment the individual

A

C

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20
Q

Which of the following is not a common compulsion?
A) Repetitive cleaning
B) Repetitive counting
C) Repetitively checking to make sure the front door is locked
D) Looking at your reflection in the mirror a couple times to make sure your hair isn’t messy

A

D

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21
Q 
OCD is thought to affect approximately \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ % of the population in the United States, and typically runs a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ course
A) 1-3, chronic 
B) 1-3, acute 
C) 5-10, chronic
D) 5-10, acute
A

A

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22
Q

True or False?
Individuals diagnosed with OCD may go to great lengths to avoid activities, places, and people that might trigger obsessive thoughts

A

True

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23
Q

True or False?
Similar to OCD, many of the problems related to PTSD involve intense sensations of anxiety and tension, as well as a tendency to avoid things that might trigger certain thoughts and moods

A

True

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24
Q

True or False?
Typically, PTSD arises following either a single traumatic event or repeated trauma over the course of several weeks, months, or even years

A

True

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25
Q

True or False?

People cannot experience trauma second hand

A

False (People CAN experience trauma second hand)

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26
Q

True or False?
The trauma experienced in PTSD may be relived or re-experienced through dissociative episodes (for example, flashbacks) or nightmares, which can be brought on by various triggers

A

True

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27
Q

True or False?

Like PTSD, OCD symptoms themselves may begin to manifest after traumatic events

A

True

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28
Q

True or False?
PTSD extends beyond the contexts of war and emergency response and can ultimately follow the experience of any type of stressful or traumatic event

A

True

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29
Q

Individuals diagnosed with OCD or PTSD are frequently treated with the same types of _________, notably ________ and __________.
A) psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT), electric shocks
B) psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT), exposure-based therapies

A

B

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30
Q

True or False?

OCD and PTSD were previously grouped within the anxiety disorders in previous editions of the DSM

A

True

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31
Q

Which of the following is only experienced with PTSD, and not OCD?
A) The re-experiencing of trauma
B) symptoms can appear without any traumatic event having happened
C) All of the above

A

A

32
Q

Which of the following is only experienced with OCD, and not PTSD?
A) The re-experiencing of trauma
B) symptoms can appear without any traumatic event having happened
C) All of the above

A

B

33
Q 
Historically, individuals who presented with mysterious symptoms (for example, unexplained paralysis or sudden blindness) were classified as having \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (and, even earlier, hysteria) and deemed to have distress or internal conflict that had been “converted” into physical dysfunction
A) madness 
B) mania
C) physical dysfunction 
D) conversion disorder
A

D

34
Q 
Historically, those who were intensely preoccupied with the possibility of being or becoming ill were said to be suffering from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A) conversion disorder 
B) physical dysfunction 
C) hypochondriasis
D) madness
A

C

35
Q 
In the DSM-5, conversion disorder has been replaced with: 
A) physical dysfunction 
B) hypochondriasis 
C) illness anxiety disorder 
D) somatic symptom disorder
A

D

36
Q 
In the DSM-5, hypochondriasis has been replaced with: 
A) physical dysfunction 
B) depression 
C) illness anxiety disorder 
D) somatic symptom disorder
A

C

37
Q

True or False?

People diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder may or may not have a diagnosed medical condition

A

True

38
Q

True or False?

Historically, hysteria and conversion disorder assumed that individuals were not in fact ill

A

True

39
Q

Today, what makes individuals with somatic symptom disorder mentally ill, if they have a recognized medical condition, is that their reaction to their physical symptoms is _________.
A) excessive and abnormal
B) logical and normal

A

A

40
Q

True or False?
While people diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder may make excessive use of the healthcare system, the DSM notes that their concerns are rarely alleviated by visits to physicians

A

True

41
Q 
People operating from within a(n)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_framework see scientific knowledge as progressively improving, leading to an ever-more perfect understanding of mental illness
A) logical 
B) excessive 
C) positivist
D) constructivist
A

C

42
Q 
Those who take a\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_perspective view knowledge about mental health and illness as fluid, contingent, and contextual
A) logical 
B) excessive 
C) positivist
D) constructivist
A

D

43
Q

True or False?
From the constructivist perspective, questions that vex researchers and clinicians are not easily or ever necessarily “solved,” but we can come to a consensus about what the “truth” is about our social reality

A

True

44
Q

True or False?
One of the most unique - and challenging - features of OCD is that people seem to experience it in different ways while being given the same diagnosis

A

True

45
Q

True or False?
A topic of great discussion over the previous two decades has been whether or not distinct, meaningful symptom “subtypes” of OCD exist

A

True

46
Q 
The term \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ might be more accurate than “symptom type” or “subtype” in the examination of OCD subtypes
A) symptom overlap 
B) symptom dimension
C) realistic overlap 
D) dimension of reality
A

B

47
Q

What is the most frequently used (and arguably most comprehensive) symptom checklist?
A) ICD
B) DSM
C) DSM-5
D) Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)

A

D

48
Q

True or False?

The majority of research attempting to define symptom dimensions bases its analyses on the Y-BOCS

A

True

49
Q 
Which of the following is not one of the presumptive categories with 7 types of obsessions on the Y-BOCS? 
A) Aggressive
B) Contamination 
C) Psychedelic 
D) Sexual 
E) Hoarding 
F) Religious 
G) Symmetry 
H) Somatic
A

C

50
Q 
Which of the following is not one of the 6 compulsions on the Y-BOCS? 
A) Exercising 
B) Cleaning
C) Checking 
D) Repeating 
E) Counting 
F) Ordering 
G) Hoarding
A

A

51
Q

Which of the following is not an alternative symptom-based dimensions to the Y-BOCS?
A) The autogenous symptoms versus reactive symptoms model
B) The core dimensions model
C) The reactive symptoms versus unreactive symptoms model

A

C

52
Q

What are autogenous symptoms?
A) Triggered by internal stimuli, such as when a virus is present inside the body
B) Triggered by external stimuli, such as contamination or symmetry
C) Non-self generated triggers, such as other people smoking
D) Self-generated triggers, such as sexual or aggressive thoughts

A

D

53
Q

What are reactive symptoms?
A) Triggered by internal stimuli, such as when a virus is present inside the body
B) Triggered by external stimuli, such as contamination or symmetry
C) Non-self generated triggers, such as other people smoking
D) Self-generated triggers, such as sexual or aggressive thoughts

A

B

54
Q

What is the core dimensions model?
A) A model that defines dimensions based on the symptom theme
B) A model that defines dimensions based on the cause of the symptom
C) A model that describes non-self generated triggers, such as other people smoking
D) A model that describes self-generated triggers, such as sexual or aggressive thoughts

A

A

55
Q

True or False?
Generally, PTSD does not reflect a difficulty in restoring normal function after an immediate reaction to a traumatic event

A

False (Generally, PTSD reflects a difficulty in restoring normal function after an immediate reaction to a traumatic event)

56
Q

What are 2 defining symptoms of PTSD?
A) Re-experiencing (of events related to the trauma)
B) Hyperarousal (being particularly vigilant and alert)
C) Hypoarousal (being particularly lazy and oblivious to what’s actually happening around you)
D) Lack of sleep

A

A, B

57
Q

To meet a diagnosis of PTSD in the DSM-5, an individual must have at least _________ intrusion symptoms
A) 1 of 5
B) 1 of 2
C) 2 of 6

A

A

58
Q

To meet a diagnosis of PTSD in the DSM-5, an individual must have at least _________ of persistent avoidance
A) 1 of 5
B) 1 of 2
C) 2 of 6

A

B

59
Q

To meet a diagnosis of PTSD in the DSM-5, an individual must have at least _________ alterations in arousal and reactivity
A) 1 of 5
B) 1 of 2
C) 2 of 6

A

C

60
Q 
To meet a diagnosis of PTSD in the DSM-5, acute stress disorder is diagnosed for symptoms occurring within \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ post-trauma 
A) 1 week 
B) 2 weeks 
C) 1 month 
D) 6 months
A

C

61
Q

Which of the following is not a subtype of PTSD in the DSM-5?
A) Dissociative subtype
B) Associative subtype
C) Delayed subtype

A

B

62
Q 
Which of the following is not a symptom related to dissociation? 
A) Disengagement 
B) Depersonalization 
C) Derealization 
D) Identity dissociation 
E) Self-isolation 
F) Emotional constriction
A

E

63
Q

What is PTSD-DS?
A) The dissociative subtype of PTSD
B) The The delayed subtype of PTSD

A

A

64
Q 
What are 2 defining symptoms of PTSD-DS?
A) Depersonalization 
B) Personalization 
C) Emotional constriction 
D) Derealization
A

A, D

65
Q 
It is reported that around \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ % of those with PTSD exhibit symptoms consistent with the dissociative subtype
A) 10 to 15
B) 15 to 20
C) 15 to 30
D) 35 to 55
A

C

66
Q

True or False?

The recognition of PTSD-DS as a subtype has been supported by research

A

True

67
Q 
Chronic and acute dissociation are both associated with lowered attention, memory, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A) internal function 
B) executive function 
C) laziness
D) self-isolation
A

B

68
Q

True or False?
There is substantial evidence pointing to the pervasive impact of dissociative symptoms on people’s cognitive abilities, regardless of the cause of their trauma

A

True

69
Q

Individuals with PTSD-DS may not do as well if they participate in _________ for PTSD, where a patient is required to emotionally engage with trauma-related information
A) cognitive-based therapies
B) conversion therapies
C) exposure-based treatments

A

C

70
Q

True or False?
The DSM-5 recognized PTSD-DS, although some researchers insist that this decision was a mistake and suggest PTSD-DS does not represent a clinically unique group of people

A

True

71
Q

True or False?
Researchers who disagree with the subtype PTSD-DS draw upon evidence that suggests there is little meaningful difference between PTSD and PTSD-DS

A

True

72
Q

True or False?
A persistent and important question in mental health is whether humans have always experienced the symptoms associated with mental disorders

A

True

73
Q

True or False?
Some people believe that disorders like OCD or PTSD are newly emerged conditions, perhaps resulting from people having to cope with the quickly changing complexities of modern societies

A

True

74
Q

Which of the following is not associated with the emergence of PTSD?
A) WWI and “shell shock”
B) WWII and “battle exhaustion”
C) All of the above

A

C

75
Q 
Which version of the DSM recognized a new illness - PTSD - in 1980?
A) DSM
B) DSM-II
C) DSM-III
D) DSM-5
A

C

76
Q

True or False?

Recently, service dogs have increasingly become a part of the “treatment” plan for many veterans experiencing PTSD

A

True

77
Q

True or False?

In previous editions of the DSM, OCD and PTSD were grouped together with anxiety disorders

A

True

HSCI 214 Midterm (13 decks)

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