Chapter 2 Flashcards by Renee English

Define deinstitutionalization
A) The process of closing psychiatric hospitals and discharging institutionalized individuals to receive care in community-based settings
B) A series of principles and practices aimed at reducing the prevalence of human characteristics deemed undesirable, often resulting in the forced sterilization of mentally ill or vulnerable individuals
C) A process by which human conditions or problems become understood as medical conditions best treated by medical professionals
D) A subfield within history that seeks to understand historical social groups and structures, often with a particular focus on traditionally marginalized groups

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This term is often used to criticize historical narratives and writings
A) Deinstitutionalization 
B) Medicalization 
C) Eugenics 
D) Whig history

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define eugenics
A) The process of closing psychiatric hospitals and discharging institutionalized individuals to receive care in community-based settings
B) A series of principles and practices aimed at reducing the prevalence of human characteristics deemed undesirable, often resulting in the forced sterilization of mentally ill or vulnerable individuals
C) A process by which human conditions or problems become understood as medical conditions best treated by medical professionals
D) A historical narrative that frames the past as a sequence of events leading up to the present through increasing enlightenment and progression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define medicalization

A) The process of closing psychiatric hospitals and discharging institutionalized individuals to receive care in community-based settings
B) A series of principles and practices aimed at reducing the prevalence of human characteristics deemed undesirable, often resulting in the forced sterilization of mentally ill or vulnerable individuals
C) A process by which human conditions or problems become understood as medical conditions best treated by medical professionals
D) A subfield within history that seeks to understand historical social groups and structures, often with a particular focus on traditionally marginalized groups

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define social history
A) A series of principles and practices aimed at reducing the prevalence of human characteristics deemed undesirable, often resulting in the forced sterilization of mentally ill or vulnerable individuals
B) A process by which human conditions or problems become understood as medical conditions best treated by medical professionals
C) A subfield within history that seeks to understand historical social groups and structures, often with a particular focus on traditionally marginalized groups
D) A historical narrative that frames the past as a sequence of events leading up to the present through increasing enlightenment and progression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define Whig history
A) The process of closing psychiatric hospitals and discharging institutionalized individuals to receive care in community-based settings
B) A series of principles and practices aimed at reducing the prevalence of human characteristics deemed undesirable, often resulting in the forced sterilization of mentally ill or vulnerable individuals
C) A subfield within history that seeks to understand historical social groups and structures, often with a particular focus on traditionally marginalized groups
D) A historical narrative that frames the past as a sequence of events leading up to the present through increasing enlightenment and progression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False?

There is a natural law that prevents situations from becoming worse

False

There is no natural law that prevents situations from becoming worse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False?
Whig accounts of history often skip over the day-to-day realities of most people’s lives and tend to oversimplify past events

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can historians examine how mental illness was conceptualized and treated in the past?
A) They can look at what’s currently happening and assume the past worked the same way
B) They can talk to other historians
C) They can look at asylums and their records
D) They don’t need to know how mental illness was conceptualized and treated in the past; only the present matters

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neurasthenia is sometimes referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and was first described in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A) Hysterical paralysis, 1874
B) Hysterical paralysis, 1869
C) Active paralysis, 1874
D) Active paralysis, 1869

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following was a charitable hospital in 19th century London?
A) Regional Hospital in Blue Hills
B) National Hospital in River Valley
C) National Hospital in Queen Square
D) Regional Hospital in King Mountain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The National Hospital in Queen Square was one of the central institutions for treating \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ among working-class individuals
A) Madness
B) Headaches and madness
C) Phobias and related conditions
D) Paralysis and related conditions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

At the peak of the neurasthenia epidemic, up to \_\_\_\_\_\_ of patients at the National Hospital in Queen Square were being treated for the condition
A) 8%
B) 18%
C) 12%
D) 78%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is one notable explanation for neurasthenia’s disappearance?
A) Shifts in the mentality of physicians working in asylums
B) A vaccine
C) Researchers still don’t know
D) Shifts in diagnostic criteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The idea that strange actions and thoughts are clearly signs of illness really only gained predominance in the \_\_\_\_\_\_ century. 
A) Eighteenth (1701-1800)
B) Seventeenth 
C) Nineteenth 
D) Twentieth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Before we had “mental illness,” we had \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A) Craziness 
B) Madness
C) Deliriousness 
D) Unhealthiness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the simplest sense, madness was:
A) an elastic concept that could be used to explain all manner of human behaviours that otherwise seemed inexplicable, dangerous, or irrational
B) an elastic concept that could be used to explain all manner of human behaviours that seemed explicable and rational
C) an inelastic concept that could be used to explain all manner of human behaviours that otherwise seemed inexplicable, dangerous, or irrational
D) an inelastic concept that could be used to explain all manner of human behaviours that seemed explicable and rational

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False?

Madness was understood both naturally and supernaturally

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is trepanning?
A) A method of relaxation
B) A religious practice involving hallucinations
C) The act of speaking to animals
D) The act of puncturing the skull with holes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following was not a response to madness?
A) Religious ceremonies 
B) Beatings 
C) Counterspells 
D) Acceptance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In early Islamic societies, treatment wards for mad individuals were commonly found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ century onward
A) hospitals, nineteenth 
B) hospitals, ninth 
C) the forest, nineteenth 
D) personal homes, ninth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Olfactory therapy” could be: 
A) breathing-based (meditation)
B) violence-based (beatings)
C) flower-based (smell training)
D) all of the above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False?

At London’s Bethlem (Bedlam) Hospital, the mad were displayed to the public as a human zoo

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following conditions was Mozart not retroactively diagnosed with?
A) Bipolar disorder
B) Asperger syndrome 
C) Dependent personality disorder
D) Tourette syndrome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False? | Mozart has been retroactively diagnosed with 14 different mental disorders

False | Mozart has been retroactively diagnosed with 27 different mental disorders

``` Historians have pointed to ________ as an important transition point when what was once known as “madness” was transformed into “mental illness” A) the late nineteenth century B) the early twentieth century C) the late twentieth century D) the late eighteenth century ```

True or False? Until the nineteenth century, we cannot really speak of a specialized branch of medicine responsible for dealing with mental illness

False Until the eighteenth century, we cannot really speak of a specialized branch of medicine responsible for dealing with mental illness

In a sense, how was psychiatry born? A) born as public locations were beginning to display “mad” people like animals in a zoo B) born as hospitals began housing “mad” people C) born as private madhouses were displaced by large state-run institutions known as asylums

True or False? | The asylums housed patients with a variety of diagnoses

True

True or False? | Asylums were typically led by psychologists

False | Asylums were typically led by physicians (a sign that medicine’s domain over abnormal behaviour was becoming stronger)

Which of the following was not part of Philippe Pinel’s perspective on asylums? A) Asylums were products of a philosophy known as “moral treatment” B) Chaining up inmates and leaving them to languish C) These new asylums could be used to provide a calm environment for restoring an individual’s reason, allowing them to learn new skills and recover from the ill effects of madness D) Instead of being restrained, the patients at these asylums would till the soil, were free to wander the grounds of the asylum, and took part in a host of recreational activities

True or False? | Most asylums lived up to the goal of following Philippe Pinel’s perspective

False Few asylums lived up to Philippe Pinel’s goal of ending the dehumanization of the mentally ill by constructing asylums that could be used to provide active treatment

Which of the following individuals were not involved with the idea of the Great Confinement A) Philippe Pinel B) Michel Foucault C) Andrew Scull

Which of the following does not line up with the Great Confinement? A) psychiatrists were agents of control rather than care B) asylums could be used to provide a calm environment for restoring an individual’s reason C) people whose behaviour violated social norms or who failed to adapt to the shifting demands of economic life post-industrialization were recast as lunatics whose behaviour was in need of correction D) the poor and other “undesirables” were confined in a series of new institutions like the asylum, the workhouse, and the prison

Who was often the most vocal proponents for a person to be institutionalized? A) Physicians B) The general community who felt uncomfortable seeing mentally ill people in public C) Most people didn’t care about vocalizing their will for a person to be institutionalized D) Families of the mentally ill individuals

True or False? | Only the mad or mentally ill wound up in asylums

False | Many of those who wound up in asylums may not have been mad or mentally ill

``` Psychoanalysis was a treatment system and philosophy associated with ________ A) Emil Kraepelin B) Philippe Pinel C) Sigmund Freud and his disciples D) Andrew Scull ```

Which of the following does not describe Emil Kraepelin’s point of view on mental illness (can be more than one answer)? A) saw mental illness as a broad term encompassing a series of discrete diseases, each with its own cause, symptoms, and natural course B) pushed for the institutionalization and sterilization of mentally ill individuals C) saw mental illness as hereditary, with the mentally ill congenitally doomed to lives of subnormality and criminality D) autopsies and surgical techniques would eventually reveal the organic lesions that caused mental illness E) did not assume that illness was transferred hereditarily

B, C

``` Who demonstrated the utility of hypnosis as a form of treatment for hysteria? A) Sigmund Freud B) Jack Rimes C) Jean-Martin Charcot D) Josef Breuer ```

``` Who testified the possibility that people’s underlying thoughts and feelings could be accessed through talk-based therapy? A) Josef Breuer B) Sigmund Freud C) David True D) Zack Zaretsky ```

Psychoanalysis was important to popularizing the idea that A) Talk therapy was not a valid way for resolving one’s psychic troubles B) Talk therapy was a valid way for resolving one’s psychic troubles C) The unconscious is significant when it comes to identifying the causes of mental illness D) The unconscious is not significant when it comes to identifying the causes of mental illness

``` During World War I, soldiers began to present to psychiatrists with a range of symptoms that came to be described as _________ and later ___________. A) “shell shock”, “PTSD” B) “shell shock”, “war neurosis” C) “war neurosis”, “PTSD” D) “PTSD”, “war phobia” ```

True or False? | One of the most well-known interpretations of war neurosis was informed by ideas about the unconscious

True

Which of the following is not true about W. H. R. Rivers? A) He developed a talking cure for soldiers B) He was a medical doctor and anthropologist at the Craiglockhart Hospital in Scotland C) He was a soldier D) His ideas informed subsequent understandings of the experience of war

Which of the following is true about Melanie Klein? A) She suggested that even infants had an unconscious inner life B) Her ideas were not controversial C) She suggested good mothering was not the foundational basis for emotional health in later life

``` ECT was developed in the ________. A) 1950s and 1960s B) 1980s and 1990s C) 1910s and 1920s D) 1930s and 1940s ```

True or False? | ECT was one of three commonly applied “shock therapies”

True

``` Which of the following is not one of the three commonly applied “shock therapies” A) ECT B) CBT C) Metrazol shock D) Insulin shock ```

Insulin shock was famously used to treat A) the Russian ballet dancer Vaslav Nijinsky B) Sigmund Freud C) the famous singer John Lennon D) the famous singer Elvis Presley

``` True or False? ECT superseded (replaced) the other two shock therapies ```

True

What is the purpose of the EEG? A) To offer insight into the body’s neural functioning B) To offer insight into the body’s motor functioning C) To offer insight into the brain’s electrical activity

``` What does EEG stand for? A) Electroelectic gradient B) Electroelectricgraph C) Electric examination graph D) Electroencephalograph ```

What is the procedure regarding the prefrontal lobotomy? A) Surgically severing the spinal cord B) Surgically severing the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain C) Surgically severing the two hemispheres of the brain

Which of the following behavioural and emotional symptoms did not seem to be reduced after lobotomy? A) A better memory B) Changes in personality C) A flattening of affect D) A range of unpleasant physical side effects

Throughout the mid-1950s, what was known as the “miracle substance”? A) Chlorpromazine (often sold under the trade name Thorazine) B) Methanol C) Heroin D) Cocaine

A psychopharmaceutical revolution was sparked by the discovery that _____________ frequently had a calming and restorative effect on individuals diagnosed with psychosis A) Opiates B) Chlorpromazine (often sold under the trade name Thorazine) C) Lithium D) Miltown

``` Shortly after the discovery that chlorpromazine frequently had a calming and restorative effect on individuals diagnosed with psychosis, which of the following dugs was not among the most commonly prescribed? A) Miltown B) Valium C) Lithium D) Magnesium E) Imipramine ```

True or False? Early histories of mental health and illness typically focused on the practitioner, often at the exclusion of the patient perspective

True

Which organization demonstrates the many different perspectives that characterize patient advocacy, and when was it founded? A) The Public Alliance (PA), founded in 1979 B) The Private Alliance on Mental Illness (PAMI), founded in 1983 C) The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), founded in 1979 D) The National Alliance on Madness (NAM), founded in 1983

``` Which of the following have not played a role in the popular uptake of concepts about mental health and its management? A) Self-help books B) Magazine columns C) Mental hygiene literature D) Patient journaling ```

Which of the following does not incorporate the various ways in relation to diverse causes of madness? A) Demonic possession (spirits) B) Misfortune in love (negative tragic experience) C) Head injuries (physical cause) D) Bodily humours (early proto-medical perspective) E) All of these are correct

True or False? | Hospitals housing those deemed “mad” were first developed in Europe and later appeared in Islamic societies

False | Hospitals housing those deemed “mad” were first developed in Islamic societies and later appeared in Europe

Which of the following factors did not contribute to the medicalization of mental illness? A) Challenges to the authority and power of the Church in Europe B) The Scientific Revolution (the idea that science could solve problems) C) The Enlightenment (skepticism about religion) D) Shift to become increasingly seen as a non-medical problem E) Increased urbanization (led to increased visibility of people who appeared “mad”

True or False? | Asylums were a key component of the mental illness care system through the 1960s, and still exist today

True

True or False? | Freud’s ideas have been foundational in modern treatments for mental illness

True | Talking therapies

Which of the following are not critiques of the psychoanalytic theory? A) Freud’s lack of normative ideas about gender B) Lack of research/scientific rigour in the development of the theory C) Heavy emphasis on childhood sexuality D) Freud’s normative ideas about gender

During WWI, symptoms and syndrome of “shell shock” and “war neurosis” were seen as: A) conscious defence mechanism B) unconscious defence mechanism

True or False? Treatments of “shell shock” and “war neurosis”, partially based on Freud’s ideas, included psychotherapies designed to draw the traumatic experiences out of the unconscious so that the soldiers could process memories

True

``` Which theory suggested “good mothering” was seen as the foundation for emotional health and healthy relationships? A) Psychoanalytic theory B) Child development theory C) Mothering theory D) Attachment theory ```

``` What does CBT stand for? A) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy B) Cognitive Basic Theory C) Conscious Brain Theory D) Conscious Basic Theory ```

``` CBT draws on the behavioural theories of: A) Sigmund Freud B) Francis Karplonk C) Skinner and Pavlov D) Markson and Jerry ```

True or False? | CBT cannot be clinically tested for effectiveness (scientifically examined and evaluated)

False | CBT can be clinically tested for effectiveness (scientifically examined and evaluated)

Which of the following is false about why CBT has been widely used in healthcare settings? A) Time limited (can be short term) B) High in cost C) Amenable to evaluation of outcomes D) Cost effective E) Aligned with goals of evidence-based treatment

True or False? | Many physicians saw forced hospitalization as being harmful

True

True or False? In terms of deinstitutionalization, the size and number of psychiatric institutions greatly declined from the 1960s to 1990s

True

True or False? In terms of deinstitutionalization during the 1960s to 1990s, there were sufficient community-based services developed to meet the needs of patients leaving institutions

False | There were not sufficient community-based services developed to meet the needs of patients leaving institutions

True or False? | Psychologists have the ability to form or section a patient in some jurisdictions

False

True or False? | Psychiatrists have more authority over the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness than psychologists

True

``` In diagnosing and measuring mental health problems, blood tests or scanning technologies are primarily used to: A) rule out other medical conditions B) seek proof of illness C) confirm diagnostic tests D) develop treatment plans 5) all of the above ```

The DSM and ICD are classification systems developed to help physicians ___________. A) improve mental illness outcomes B) all of the above C) classify and treat mental health D) grade and diagnose mental health E) categorize and diagnose mental illness

A social worker may provide the following services to individuals with mental health difficulties, except ________. A) psychotherapy B) electroconvulsive therapy and psychopharmaceuticals C) social services D) counselling

Which of the following are not key disorders which appear in the DSM? A) Depression B) Bipolar disorder C) Schizophrenia and other psychoses D) Phobias E) Dementia F) Developmental disorders (including autism)

``` The following are well-recognized symptoms (behaviours and feelings) of mental illness, except _______. A) Depression B) Anxiety C) Eating disorders D) Psychosis/Mania E) Excessive alcohol use F) Habitual exercising G) Problematic drug use causing harm ```

``` Which of the following is not one of the 5 types of mental illness that appeared in the top 20 causes of global burden of disease (GBD) in 2013? A) Major depression B) Anxiety disorders C) Mild depression D) Schizophrenia E) Dysthymia F) Bipolar disorder ```

``` Which place did major depression fall into on the GBD in 2013? A) 2nd B) 3rd C) 5th D) 16th ```

``` Which place did dysthymia fall into on the GBD in 2013? A) 2nd B) 3rd C) 5th D) 16th ```

``` Which place did anxiety disorders fall into on the GBD in 2013? A) 7th B) 3rd C) 1st D) 17th ```

``` Which place did schizophrenia fall into on the GBD in 2013? A) 7th B) 3rd C) 11th D) 17th ```

``` Which place did bipolar disorder fall into on the GBD in 2013? A) 8th B) 17th C) 3rd D) 17th ```

True or False? | Asylums were overseen by physicians who specialized in mental illness

True

True or False? | Madhouses to asylums to deinstitutionalization

True

True or False? | Enlightenment focused on rationality and optimism (the belief that science could solve every problem)

True

True or False? | Philippe Pinel started the idea of “moral treatment”

False | British Quakers started the idea of “moral treatment,” but it was later popularized in France by Philippe Pinel

What was the goal of moral treatment? A) To sterilize all “mad” individuals B) To end dehumanizing treatment in madhouses and build asylums proving active treatment C) To remove “problematic people” from society D) To make psychiatrists agents of control, rather than providers of care E) To lock “mad” people up without hoping to cure them and bring them back into society

True or False? | Organic lesions causing mental illness could be identified through autopsies and surgical techniques

True | This was a biological or organic view of mental illness

True or False? | Emil Kraeplin rejected an organic explanation for mental illness

False He didn’t reject an organic explanation but prioritized treatment by a psychiatrist to bring patients back to rational thinking and have them see the unsound nature of their ideas when ill

Which of the following describes etiology? A) The belief that mental illness has an organic cause or component B) Focuses on unconscious psychological processes C) The cause (or set of causes) of a disease or condition

True or False? | Organicists believe that mental illness has an organic cause or component

True

Which of the following describes the psychodynamic perspective? A) The belief that mental illness has an organic cause or component B) Focuses on unconscious psychological processes C) The cause (or set of causes) of a disease or condition

What is the goal of psychodynamic therapy? A) To alleviate the symptoms of mental illness and help people lead healthier lives B) To alleviate the symptoms of mental illness and help people lead happier lives C) To make individuals with mental illness feel helpless in society

What is the “social control” perspective? A) Emphasized humane benevolence in treatment in asylums B) Wanted to end dehumanizing treatment by building asylums providing active treatment C) Wanted to help mentally ill people get better in order to continue living in society D) Critical view of the asylum era interpreted as a social project to remove “problematic people” from society

True or False? | London’s Bethlem (Bedlam) Hospital was most famous for its humane treatment of the mentally ill

False

``` Prior to the 19th century, hospitals for individuals suffering from madness were more __________ than ___________. A) Medicinal, customary B) Custodial, medical C) Medical, custodial D) Customary, medical ```

``` The rise of psychiatry and psychiatrists in the 19th century is closely linked to the emergence of ________. A) psychiatric outpatient departments B) psychopharmaceuticals C) asylums D) psychiatric inpatient wards ```