Chapter 2 Flashcards
Define deinstitutionalization
A) The process of closing psychiatric hospitals and discharging institutionalized individuals to receive care in community-based settings
B) A series of principles and practices aimed at reducing the prevalence of human characteristics deemed undesirable, often resulting in the forced sterilization of mentally ill or vulnerable individuals
C) A process by which human conditions or problems become understood as medical conditions best treated by medical professionals
D) A subfield within history that seeks to understand historical social groups and structures, often with a particular focus on traditionally marginalized groups
A
This term is often used to criticize historical narratives and writings A) Deinstitutionalization B) Medicalization C) Eugenics D) Whig history
D
Define eugenics
A) The process of closing psychiatric hospitals and discharging institutionalized individuals to receive care in community-based settings
B) A series of principles and practices aimed at reducing the prevalence of human characteristics deemed undesirable, often resulting in the forced sterilization of mentally ill or vulnerable individuals
C) A process by which human conditions or problems become understood as medical conditions best treated by medical professionals
D) A historical narrative that frames the past as a sequence of events leading up to the present through increasing enlightenment and progression
B
Define medicalization
A) The process of closing psychiatric hospitals and discharging institutionalized individuals to receive care in community-based settings
B) A series of principles and practices aimed at reducing the prevalence of human characteristics deemed undesirable, often resulting in the forced sterilization of mentally ill or vulnerable individuals
C) A process by which human conditions or problems become understood as medical conditions best treated by medical professionals
D) A subfield within history that seeks to understand historical social groups and structures, often with a particular focus on traditionally marginalized groups
C
Define social history
A) A series of principles and practices aimed at reducing the prevalence of human characteristics deemed undesirable, often resulting in the forced sterilization of mentally ill or vulnerable individuals
B) A process by which human conditions or problems become understood as medical conditions best treated by medical professionals
C) A subfield within history that seeks to understand historical social groups and structures, often with a particular focus on traditionally marginalized groups
D) A historical narrative that frames the past as a sequence of events leading up to the present through increasing enlightenment and progression
C
Define Whig history
A) The process of closing psychiatric hospitals and discharging institutionalized individuals to receive care in community-based settings
B) A series of principles and practices aimed at reducing the prevalence of human characteristics deemed undesirable, often resulting in the forced sterilization of mentally ill or vulnerable individuals
C) A subfield within history that seeks to understand historical social groups and structures, often with a particular focus on traditionally marginalized groups
D) A historical narrative that frames the past as a sequence of events leading up to the present through increasing enlightenment and progression
D
True or False?
There is a natural law that prevents situations from becoming worse
False
There is no natural law that prevents situations from becoming worse
True or False?
Whig accounts of history often skip over the day-to-day realities of most people’s lives and tend to oversimplify past events
True
How can historians examine how mental illness was conceptualized and treated in the past?
A) They can look at what’s currently happening and assume the past worked the same way
B) They can talk to other historians
C) They can look at asylums and their records
D) They don’t need to know how mental illness was conceptualized and treated in the past; only the present matters
C
Neurasthenia is sometimes referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and was first described in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) Hysterical paralysis, 1874 B) Hysterical paralysis, 1869 C) Active paralysis, 1874 D) Active paralysis, 1869
B
Which of the following was a charitable hospital in 19th century London? A) Regional Hospital in Blue Hills B) National Hospital in River Valley C) National Hospital in Queen Square D) Regional Hospital in King Mountain
C
The National Hospital in Queen Square was one of the central institutions for treating \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ among working-class individuals A) Madness B) Headaches and madness C) Phobias and related conditions D) Paralysis and related conditions
D
At the peak of the neurasthenia epidemic, up to \_\_\_\_\_\_ of patients at the National Hospital in Queen Square were being treated for the condition A) 8% B) 18% C) 12% D) 78%
C
What is one notable explanation for neurasthenia’s disappearance?
A) Shifts in the mentality of physicians working in asylums
B) A vaccine
C) Researchers still don’t know
D) Shifts in diagnostic criteria
D
The idea that strange actions and thoughts are clearly signs of illness really only gained predominance in the \_\_\_\_\_\_ century. A) Eighteenth (1701-1800) B) Seventeenth C) Nineteenth D) Twentieth
A
Before we had “mental illness,” we had \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) Craziness B) Madness C) Deliriousness D) Unhealthiness
B
In the simplest sense, madness was:
A) an elastic concept that could be used to explain all manner of human behaviours that otherwise seemed inexplicable, dangerous, or irrational
B) an elastic concept that could be used to explain all manner of human behaviours that seemed explicable and rational
C) an inelastic concept that could be used to explain all manner of human behaviours that otherwise seemed inexplicable, dangerous, or irrational
D) an inelastic concept that could be used to explain all manner of human behaviours that seemed explicable and rational
A
True or False?
Madness was understood both naturally and supernaturally
True
What is trepanning?
A) A method of relaxation
B) A religious practice involving hallucinations
C) The act of speaking to animals
D) The act of puncturing the skull with holes
D
Which of the following was not a response to madness? A) Religious ceremonies B) Beatings C) Counterspells D) Acceptance
D
In early Islamic societies, treatment wards for mad individuals were commonly found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ century onward A) hospitals, nineteenth B) hospitals, ninth C) the forest, nineteenth D) personal homes, ninth
B
“Olfactory therapy” could be: A) breathing-based (meditation) B) violence-based (beatings) C) flower-based (smell training) D) all of the above
C
True or False?
At London’s Bethlem (Bedlam) Hospital, the mad were displayed to the public as a human zoo
True
Which of the following conditions was Mozart not retroactively diagnosed with? A) Bipolar disorder B) Asperger syndrome C) Dependent personality disorder D) Tourette syndrome
A
True or False?
Mozart has been retroactively diagnosed with 14 different mental disorders
False
Mozart has been retroactively diagnosed with 27 different mental disorders
Historians have pointed to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as an important transition point when what was once known as “madness” was transformed into “mental illness” A) the late nineteenth century B) the early twentieth century C) the late twentieth century D) the late eighteenth century
D
True or False?
Until the nineteenth century, we cannot really speak of a specialized branch of medicine responsible for dealing with mental illness
False
Until the eighteenth century, we cannot really speak of a specialized branch of medicine responsible for dealing with mental illness
In a sense, how was psychiatry born?
A) born as public locations were beginning to display “mad” people like animals in a zoo
B) born as hospitals began housing “mad” people
C) born as private madhouses were displaced by large state-run institutions known as asylums
C
True or False?
The asylums housed patients with a variety of diagnoses
True
True or False?
Asylums were typically led by psychologists
False
Asylums were typically led by physicians (a sign that medicine’s domain over abnormal behaviour was becoming stronger)
Which of the following was not part of Philippe Pinel’s perspective on asylums?
A) Asylums were products of a philosophy known as “moral treatment”
B) Chaining up inmates and leaving them to languish
C) These new asylums could be used to provide a calm environment for restoring an individual’s reason, allowing them to learn new skills and recover from the ill effects of madness
D) Instead of being restrained, the patients at these asylums would till the soil, were free to wander the grounds of the asylum, and took part in a host of recreational activities
B
True or False?
Most asylums lived up to the goal of following Philippe Pinel’s perspective
False
Few asylums lived up to Philippe Pinel’s goal of ending the dehumanization of the mentally ill by constructing asylums that could be used to provide active treatment
Which of the following individuals were not involved with the idea of the Great Confinement
A) Philippe Pinel
B) Michel Foucault
C) Andrew Scull
A
Which of the following does not line up with the Great Confinement?
A) psychiatrists were agents of control rather than care
B) asylums could be used to provide a calm environment for restoring an individual’s reason
C) people whose behaviour violated social norms or who failed to adapt to the shifting demands of economic life post-industrialization were recast as lunatics whose behaviour was in need of correction
D) the poor and other “undesirables” were confined in a series of new institutions like the asylum, the workhouse, and the prison
B
Who was often the most vocal proponents for a person to be institutionalized?
A) Physicians
B) The general community who felt uncomfortable seeing mentally ill people in public
C) Most people didn’t care about vocalizing their will for a person to be institutionalized
D) Families of the mentally ill individuals
D
True or False?
Only the mad or mentally ill wound up in asylums
False
Many of those who wound up in asylums may not have been mad or mentally ill
Psychoanalysis was a treatment system and philosophy associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A) Emil Kraepelin B) Philippe Pinel C) Sigmund Freud and his disciples D) Andrew Scull
C
Which of the following does not describe Emil Kraepelin’s point of view on mental illness (can be more than one answer)?
A) saw mental illness as a broad term encompassing a series of discrete diseases, each with its own cause, symptoms, and natural course
B) pushed for the institutionalization and sterilization of mentally ill individuals
C) saw mental illness as hereditary, with the mentally ill congenitally doomed to lives of subnormality and criminality
D) autopsies and surgical techniques would eventually reveal the organic lesions that caused mental illness
E) did not assume that illness was transferred hereditarily
B, C
Who demonstrated the utility of hypnosis as a form of treatment for hysteria? A) Sigmund Freud B) Jack Rimes C) Jean-Martin Charcot D) Josef Breuer
C
Who testified the possibility that people’s underlying thoughts and feelings could be accessed through talk-based therapy? A) Josef Breuer B) Sigmund Freud C) David True D) Zack Zaretsky
A
Psychoanalysis was important to popularizing the idea that
A) Talk therapy was not a valid way for resolving one’s psychic troubles
B) Talk therapy was a valid way for resolving one’s psychic troubles
C) The unconscious is significant when it comes to identifying the causes of mental illness
D) The unconscious is not significant when it comes to identifying the causes of mental illness
B
