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HSCI 214 Midterm > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Define bipolar disorder
A) Involves severely low mood and a lack of pleasure in normal activities
B) A mood disorder involving aspects of major depressive disorder as well as mania/hypomania. It can significantly affect one’s life and functioning
C) It applies electrical current to the brain to induce a seizure
D) An interdisciplinary field that brings together disciplines like philosophy, history, cultural studies, and the arts to study health and medicine

A

B

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2
Q

Define iatrogenic
A) Involves severely low mood and a lack of pleasure in normal activities
B) A mood disorder involving aspects of major depressive disorder as well as mania/hypomania. It can significantly affect one’s life and functioning
C) A negative health outcome resulting from medical intervention
D) An interdisciplinary field that brings together disciplines like philosophy, history, cultural studies, and the arts to study health and medicine

A

C

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3
Q

Define MDD
A) Involves severely low mood and a lack of pleasure in normal activities. People may also experience some degree of guilt, worthlessness, low energy, poor concentration, slow movement, and/or thoughts of death. While this is not an exhaustive list of all of the symptoms, individuals will experience some degree of these symptoms for at least two weeks to warrant a diagnosis.
B) Understood to be a more significantly distressing form of premenstrual syndrome that occurs after ovulation but before menstruation. Women with this will experience a variety of symptoms, including mood changes, difficulty concentrating, appetite changes, and physical pain
C) A negative health outcome resulting from medical intervention
D) An interdisciplinary field that brings together disciplines like philosophy, history, cultural studies, and the arts to study health and medicine

A

A

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4
Q

Define medical humanities
A) Involves severely low mood and a lack of pleasure in normal activities. People may also experience some degree of guilt, worthlessness, low energy, poor concentration, slow movement, and/or thoughts of death. While this is not an exhaustive list of all of the symptoms, individuals will experience some degree of these symptoms for at least two weeks to warrant a diagnosis.
B) Understood to be a more significantly distressing form of premenstrual syndrome that occurs after ovulation but before menstruation. Women with this will experience a variety of symptoms, including mood changes, difficulty concentrating, appetite changes, and physical pain
C) A negative health outcome resulting from medical intervention
D) An interdisciplinary field that brings together disciplines like philosophy, history, cultural studies, and the arts to study health and medicine

A

D

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5
Q

Define PMDD
A) Involves severely low mood and a lack of pleasure in normal activities. People may also experience some degree of guilt, worthlessness, low energy, poor concentration, slow movement, and/or thoughts of death. While this is not an exhaustive list of all of the symptoms, individuals will experience some degree of these symptoms for at least two weeks to warrant a diagnosis.
B) Understood to be a more significantly distressing form of premenstrual syndrome that occurs after ovulation but before menstruation. Women with this will experience a variety of symptoms, including mood changes, difficulty concentrating, appetite changes, and physical pain
C) A negative health outcome resulting from medical intervention
D) An interdisciplinary field that brings together disciplines like philosophy, history, cultural studies, and the arts to study health and medicine

A

B

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6
Q 
Define melancholia 
A) Referring to increased happiness
B) Referring to profound sadness
C) Referring to excitement
D) Referring to decreased energy
A

B

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7
Q 
Define mania 
A) Referring to increased happiness
B) Referring to profound sadness
C) Referring to excitement
D) Referring to decreased energy
A

C

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8
Q 
What does MDD stand for?
A) Major Depressive Disease
B) Major Depressive Disorder 
C) Mild Depressive Disease 
D) Moderate Depressive Disorder
A

B

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9
Q 
The symptoms of MDD must persists for a minimum of \_\_\_\_\_\_ week(s) to count as a major depressive episode
A) 1
B) 3
C) 2
D) 5
A

C

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10
Q 
In 2017, it was estimated that over \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ people experienced clinical depression worldwide, and the incidence and prevalence is increasing among \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ age groups.
A) 300 million, young
B) 300 million, all
C) 400 million, older
D) 400 million, all
A

B

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11
Q 
Between 2005 and 2015, the number of people living with depression increased by over \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) 10%
B) 20% 
C) 86% 
D) 18%
A

D

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12
Q

True or False?

WHO estimates that depression is the number one cause of disability globally

A

True

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13
Q

Define the “bereavement exclusion” (before DSM-5)
A) Those who exhibited major depressive symptoms should be exempted from a diagnosis if their depressive symptoms occurred shortly after the death of a loved one
B) Those who exhibited major depressive symptoms should not be exempted from a diagnosis if their depressive symptoms occurred shortly after the death of a loved one
C) Those who exhibited major depressive symptoms should be exempted from getting a diagnosis
D) Those who exhibited major depressive symptoms should be forced to get a diagnosis if their depressive symptoms occurred shortly after the death of a loved one

A

A

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14
Q

True or False?
The DSM-5 has asserted that an MDD diagnosis may be warranted, even in the context of grief (i.e. Even shortly after the death of a loved one)

A

True

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15
Q 
Persistent depressive disorder, previously called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) MDD
B) PMDD
C) Lethargy 
D) Dysthymia
A

D

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16
Q

How is persistent depressive disorder characterized?
A) Characterized by chronic low mood over a period of 2 or more years
B) Characterized by acute low mood over a period of 2 or more years
C) Characterized by chronic low mood over a period of 5 or more years
D) Characterized by acute low mood over a period of 5 or more years

A

A

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17
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of persistent depressive disorder?
A) Feeling low for many months on end
B) Having a limited or excessive appetite for food
C) An increased faith in one’s self and future
D) Poor sleep and lethargy
E) A general sense of failure

A

C

A lack of faith in one’s self and future

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18
Q

True or False?

PMDD is new to the DSM-5

A

True

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19
Q 
What does PMDD stand for?
A) Premenstrual diseased disorder
B) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
C) Premenstrual dysfunction disorder
D) Postmenstrual dysfunction disorder
A

B

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20
Q

How is PMDD classified?
A) As a significantly distressing form of MDD
B) As a significantly distressing form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
C) As a woman experiencing low energy levels due to a lack of iron

A

B

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21
Q 
In PMDD, women experience distressing symptoms during the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ phase, the period between ovulation and menstruation
A) luteal 
B) lateral
C) secretory 
D) follicular
A

A

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22
Q

Which of the following describes why the diagnosis of PMDD has been widely criticized?
A) Criticized widely for the ways in which it prescribes medication
B) Criticized widely for the ways in which it doesn’t involve men
C) Criticized widely for the ways in which it medicalizes men
D) Criticized widely for the ways in which it medicalizes menstruation and stigmatizes women’s bodies more generally

A

D

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23
Q

True or False?

Disorders exclusively diagnosed in children appear in the DSM

A

True

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24
Q 
Which of the following is a disorder exclusively diagnosed in children?
A) PMDD
B) MDD
C) DMDD
D) PMS
A

C

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25
Q 
What does DMDD stand for?
A) Disruptive Mood Disorder
B) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
C) Disruptive Mood Disease Disorder
D) Diseased Mood Dysregulation Disorder
A

B

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26
Q

Which of the following does DMDD describe?
A) Children who frequently exhibit unnatural amounts of energy
B) Children who frequently exhibit behaviours of extreme sadness and lethargy
C) Children who frequently exhibit happy behaviours during a social time of great grief/sadness
D) Children who frequently exhibit behaviours such as extreme anger or irritability in situations where it is considered unwarranted

A

D

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27
Q

True or False?
The majority of children diagnosed with DMDD, critics argue, also match symptoms with diagnoses like oppositional defiant disorder

A

True

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28
Q

True or False?

Children diagnosed with DMDD are not allowed to be treated with antipsychotic drugs

A

False

Many children diagnosed with DMDD are likely to be treated with antipsychotic drugs

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29
Q 
DMDD was initially included in the DSM as a response to the frequency with which children were (mis)diagnosed with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) Depression 
B) Anxiety 
C) Bipolar disorder 
D) Schizophrenia
A

C

30
Q

True or False?
Considering labelling children with mental illness can influence how they perceive the world, how they are seen, and how they interact with others, clinicians like Allen Frances have encouraged practitioners to ignore DMDD and refuse to diagnose it

A

True

31
Q

Which of the following is false about how the DSM-5 describes manic episodes?
A) “distinct period[s] of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood”
B) “abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy” lasting at least a week
C) “abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy” lasting at least a month
D) They frequently involve a decreased need for sleep, inflated self-esteem, flight of ideas, distractibility, or excessive involvement in activities with potential negative consequences

A

C

32
Q

Mania is central to the diagnosis of __________, which involves a person experiencing both episodes of _________ and episodes of __________
A) bipolar disorder, mania, depression
B) depression, bipolar disorder, mania
C) bipolar disorder, lethargy, depression
D mania, bipolar disorder, depression

A

A

33
Q 
Bipolar disorder was once termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A) Mild depression 
B) Manic depression 
C) Major depression
D) Chronic depression
A

B

34
Q 
What does the term “hypothamia” refer to? 
A) An increase in inner body heat 
B) A decrease in inner body heat
C) A milder form of mania 
D) A major form of mania
A

C

35
Q

True or False?

Those with hypomania experience an elevated mood but with less functional impairment than a full-blown manic episode

A

True

36
Q 
Which of the following is not a symptom for hypomania?
A) A decreased need for sleep
B) Higher energy and self-confidence
C) An overly optimistic attitude
D) An overly depression attitude
A

D

37
Q

Which of the following is not a true difference between mania and hypomania?
A) Mania is more severe than hypomania
B) Mania is less likely to lead to incarceration or hospitalization
C) Treatment methods
D) Mania may include psychotic symptoms

A

B

Mania is more likely to lead to incarceration or hospitalization

38
Q 
Which of the following is not a distinct type of bipolar disorder according to the DSM-5?
A) Cyclothymic I disorder
B) Cyclothymic disorder
C) Bipolar I
D) Bipolar II
A

A

39
Q

True or False?

All three distinct types of bipolar disorder encompass both elevated (mania and hypomania) and depressed mood

A

True

40
Q

Bipolar I includes _______ and ________.
A) Anxiety, depression
B) Anxiety, mania
C) Mania, depression

A

C

41
Q

Bipolar II involves ___________ and _____________.
A) hypomania, mania
B) hypomania, a greater burden of depressive symptoms
C) mania, a greater burden of depressive symptoms
D) mania, anxiety

A

B

42
Q

Cyclothymic disorder is described as the _________ form of bipolar disorder, involving swings between __________ and ___________.
A) most severe, mild depression, hypomania
B) mildest, major depression, hypomania
C) most severe, major depression, mania
D) mildest, mild depression, hypomania

A

D

43
Q

Which of the following is not a treatment for mood disorders?
A) Psychopharmaceutical drugs
B) Psychotic drugs
C) Talk therapy

A

B

44
Q

True or False?

Psychotherapy is the oldest treatment method that is still practised today

A

True

45
Q

True or False?

Currently, CBT is perhaps the most established form of psychotherapy for depression

A

True

46
Q

True or False?

When psychotherapy and medication do not produce the expected or hoped-for results, ECT may be used as an alternative

A

True

47
Q

Which of the following is true about ECT?
A) It has side effects, most notably short-term memory loss
B) It has no side effects
C) It has side effects, most notably long-term memory loss
D) Its side effects are so small they’re not even worth mentioning

A

A

48
Q 
Antidepressant medications (ADMs) are typically considered as a first-line treatment for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and are taken by about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Americans aged \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ years and older. 
A) depression, 1 in 10, 18
B) depression, 1 in 10, 12
C) anxiety, 1 in 5, 18
D) depression, 1 in 5, 12
A

B

49
Q 
New to DSM-5, DMDD is specific to children between the ages of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ years old.
A) 16 and 18
B) 12 and 18
C) 3 and 18
D) 6 and 18
A

D

50
Q

True or False?

Patients in placebo groups also show a clinically meaningful improvement to antidepressants

A

True

51
Q

Define study publication bias
A) Studies that showed negative effects of antidepressants were less frequently published, meaning fewer negative studies were published (positive studies were more likely to be published)
B) Negative effects can be partially hidden when authors fail to publish a negative outcome in their paper
C) When a negative outcome is included in the report, authors still argue antidepressant treatment was effective by focusing on other, less relevant analyses (or use vague working regarding findings)
D) Papers that report antidepressants are superior to placebos get cited far more often (3x) than papers that report negative effects

A

A

52
Q

Define spin bias
A) Studies that showed negative effects of antidepressants were less frequently published, meaning fewer negative studies were published (positive studies were more likely to be published)
B) Negative effects can be partially hidden when authors fail to publish a negative outcome in their paper
C) When a negative outcome is included in the report, authors still argue antidepressant treatment was effective by focusing on other, less relevant analyses (or use vague working regarding findings)
D) Papers that report antidepressants are superior to placebos get cited far more often (3x) than papers that report negative effects

A

C

53
Q

Define citation bias
A) Studies that showed negative effects of antidepressants were less frequently published, meaning fewer negative studies were published (positive studies were more likely to be published)
B) Negative effects can be partially hidden when authors fail to publish a negative outcome in their paper
C) When a negative outcome is included in the report, authors still argue antidepressant treatment was effective by focusing on other, less relevant analyses (or use vague working regarding findings)
D) Papers that report antidepressants are superior to placebos get cited far more often (3x) than papers that report negative effects

A

D

54
Q

Define outcome reporting bias
A) Studies that showed negative effects of antidepressants were less frequently published, meaning fewer negative studies were published (positive studies were more likely to be published)
B) Negative effects can be partially hidden when authors fail to publish a negative outcome in their paper
C) When a negative outcome is included in the report, authors still argue antidepressant treatment was effective by focusing on other, less relevant analyses (or use vague working regarding findings)
D) Papers that report antidepressants are superior to placebos get cited far more often (3x) than papers that report negative effects

A

B

55
Q

True or False?

During the continuation phrase, you are better off staying on medications than coming off medications

A

True

56
Q

True or False?
Relapse is when somebody is still in a depressive episode but is being protected by medications, then comes off the medication too soon while they are still in that episode

A

True

57
Q

True or False?

Antidepressants increase brain levels of neurotransmitters—particularly serotonin.

A

False
(Antidepressants do not cause the overall levels of serotonin to increase in the brain. Rather, their most immediate short-term effect is to simply reallocate serotonin within the brain: The amount outside of cells (the extracellular level) increases, while the amount within cells (the intracellular level) decreases, but the total amount stays the same).

58
Q

Over the long term, antidepressants cause the total pool of serotonin to ________.
A) Increase
B) Decline

A

B

59
Q 
Available data show that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of Americans are taking antidepressant medications.
A) 11%
B) 22% 
C) 33% 
D) 78%
A

A

60
Q

True or False?

There is enough money in the current health plan to pay for psychotherapy for all those who need it

A

False

There is not enough money in the current health plan to pay for psychotherapy for all those who need it

61
Q

True or False?

90 days of treatments with an antidepressant medication cost less than one session of psychotherapy

A

True

62
Q

True or False?
A consistent critique of the media is that it perpetuates negative and stigmatizing portrayals of people living with mental illness, including mood disorders

A

True

63
Q 
By far, the greatest concern regarding social media is as a contributing factor to the increasing rates of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, particularly among \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A) depression, youth
B) depression, adults
C) anxiety, youth
D) anxiety, adults
A

A

64
Q 
Which of the following is not a treatment for mood disorders?
A) ECT
B) Surgery 
C) Psychotherapy 
D) Psychopharmaceuticals 
E) CBT
A

B

65
Q

True or False?
Persistent depressive disorder has symptoms that include MDD characteristics, but its diagnosis requires the presence of fewer symptoms

A

True

66
Q

True or False?

Antidepressants might lead to an increased risk of suicide in children and youth who use these medications

A

True

67
Q

Which of the following is not true about Kirsh and Sapirstein’s (1988) research on the analysis between antidepressants and the placebo effect?
A) When using SSRIs for the treatment of MDD, 25% of the response to the drugs was duplicated in non-treatment control groups
B) When using SSRIs for the treatment of MDD, 50% of the response to the drugs was due to the placebo effect
C) When using SSRIs for the treatment of MDD, 25% of the response to the drugs was a true effect of medication
D) Antidepressant medications work, 100%

A

D

68
Q

True or False?
Analysis of all available data (published and unpublished) suggests that the placebo effect accounts for 80% of patient response to the medication

A

True

69
Q 
Which of the following is not a major category of mood disorders?
A) Depressive disorders 
B) Lethargy disorders 
C) DMDD
D) Bipolar disorder
A

B

70
Q

True or False?
Some researchers conclude that the evidence in favour of prescribing SSRIs is insufficient and recommend that psychotherapy, exercise, and acupuncture provide the same benefit, with lower risk of side effects

A

True

HSCI 214 Midterm (13 decks)

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