Chapter 8 Flashcards
How many pairs of chromosomes do mice have?
40
long strands of DNA that are made up of molecules
nucleotides
different versions of genes are called
alleles
genetic testing is called
genotyping
when both genes of a pair are the same
homozygous
when the genes at the same locus on a chromosome pair are different
heterozygous
if the animal does not contain the allele that the investigator is interested in
wild type
when a gene is absent or turned off due to a mutation that blocks the gene’s expression
null
both copies of the gene are absent or turned off
homozygous null/knockout
What are all the genes in an organism collectively called?
genome
what is a different version of the same gene called?
allele
when new genes are inserted into a mouse
knockin
a technique performed on a fertilized egg in a single cell stage
pronuclear injection
embryonic stem cells that line the inside of a developing blastocyst are collected and used to produce embryonic stem cell lines.
gene targeting by homologous recombination
a small electrical current is passed through a solution containing the genes and stem cells, which then causes the DNA to enter the cells.
electroporation
once the DNA is in an ES cell, the cell may recognize portions of the nucleotide sequences that make up the mutated gene, as the same in their own genes. the cell then integrates the mutated gene and the specific location corresponding to its own copy of that gene.
homologous recombination
what happens after the cell is electroporated?
tested, the inserted into another developing blastocyst.
an animal with some of its cells containing the new gene and some without the new gene
chimera
What is the most desirable chimera is one with the new gene has been incorporated in the germ cells (egg and sperm). a pure strain of animals carrying the desired DNA can be produced by breeding progeny with germ cell incorporation.
germline transmission
True or false, genes are injected with a pipette directly into the cell during pronuclear injection
true
The most common molecular biology technique used to determine the genotype is a test called
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
how do you know the gene has been amplified after going through PCR?
gel electrophoresis
what type of phenotype are things humans can see?
visible
what kind of phenotype are observed by humans such as aggressiveness?
behavioral
what kind of phenotype impairs the mouses motor system?
demonstrable
what are phenotypes that can be turned on with the use of drugs?
inducible
what type of genes are located adjacent to one another on the same chromosomes, and tend to be inherited together?
linked genes
What are some common inbred strains of mice?
AKR, DBA, C57BL
What is a common outbred strain?
Swiss webster
Where in the name of strains of mice are the laboratory/code vendor located in inbred and hybrid mice?
at the end after a forward slash
in outbred mice, where is the vendor name located?
in front of the stock symbol before a colon.
Where is the parent strain name found in strain names of inbred and hybrid mice?
in front of the forward slash
Where does the paternal strain fall in strain names of hybrids?
second after the maternal name, before the generation number, all before the forward slash
one female to one male mating system
monogamous mating
two or more females bred with one male
polygamous and harem mating
when females are removed from the cage once determined to be pregnant
polygamous mating
when a group of mice are kept together for mating
harem mating
when males are kept with females always
intensive breeding
when males and females are housed separately while the females are rearing their young
nonintensive breeding
mating used to provide embryos or newborn mice at a precise date needed for experiments.
timed mating system
What is it called when you add a male to a group housed female cage?
the Whitten effect, when the females initiate estrus because of exposure to the male.
the plan for producing a colony with a desired genetic makeup
breeding scheme
breeding animals that are unrelated or only distantly related
outbreeding
mating system that produces animals with minimal genetic variation
inbreeding
how long do you need to breed mice in order for it to be considered inbred?
20 generations
the animals initially bred with a desired DNA, often referred to as founders
foundation colony
breeding the foundation colony to ensure that the desired genetic trait will not be lost if anything happens to the founders
expansion colony
breeding of the expansion colony produces the
production colony
breeding system that is a selective system in which the parents are of different inbred strains, and is frequently used to transfer a desired mutation from one strain to another.
hybrid breeding
the animal with a mutation that differs from other animals of that strain, usually by a single mutant gene
coisogenic
strains that can be constructed by selectively mating an animal carrying the mutation of interest to an inbred animal from a strain of choice
congenic
What are the four stages of estrous?
proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus
when are females most receptive to pregnancy
estrus
birth of the young at the natural end of gestation
partruition
how long is estrus for cats
1 to 4 days
how long is gestation in cats
58-67 days
how old should kittens be weaned at
7 to 8 weeks
rabbits only ovulate 10-12 hours after mating
true
how long does gestation last in rabbits
31-32 days
at what age are rabbits weaned at
5-8 weeks
how long does estrus last for dogs
7-10 days
how long is gestation for dogs
59-68 days
how old are puppies weaned
6-8 weeks
how long are old world monkeys sexually receptive?
8-12 days
what is the gestation for macaque
159-169 days
how old can you wean old world monkeys
7-14 months
how old can a female pig be bred
6-7 months
how long is gestation in pigs
112-115 days
what is the substrain of C57BL/6J
6
in which procedure is an amplified DNA sample loaded into an agarose gel?
gel electrophoresis
